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Traumatic Brain Injury, Decerebrate Rigidity, Brain area affected: Basal…
Traumatic Brain Injury
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Etiology
Traumatic causes:
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Assaults, sports injuries (5–24 years)
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Non-traumatic causes:
Hypoxia (near drowning, cardiac arrest)
Degenerative diseases, epilepsy
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Infection (meningitis, Hypoxia (near drowning, cardiac arrest) encephalitis)
Toxins (drugs, CO poisoning)
Pathophysiology
Common injuries:
Epidural hematoma (EDH)
arterial bleeding, skull fracture
Subdural hematoma (SDH)
enous bleeding, between dura & brain
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• Deep sleep, unresponsive to stimuli.
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• Inconsistent, non-purposeful responses (physiological changes, movements, vocalization).
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Level IV – Confused, Agitated
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• Severe confusion, aggression, hostile, non-purposeful behavior.
Level V – Confused, Inappropriate, Non-agitated
• Random, non-purposeful response to stimuli.
• Poor memory, confusion, inappropriate use of objects.
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Level VI – Confused, Appropriate
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• Poor recent memory, needs cueing.
Level VII – Automatic, Appropriate
• Oriented in familiar environment, “robot-like.”
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• Shallow recall, needs supervision for safety.
Level VIII – Purposeful, Appropriate
• Oriented, aware of environment.
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Level IX – Purposeful, Appropriate (Stand-by Assistance)
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• Low tolerance for frustration, may be irritable.
Level X – Purposeful, Appropriate (Modified Independent)
• Handles multiple tasks, anticipates problems.
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Signs: Arms and legs straight, stiff (extensor posture)
Brain area affected: Upper brain (cortex, thalamus)
Signs: Arms bent, legs straight (flexor posture)
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Signs: Stiff muscles, worse with fast movement
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Signs: Slow, writhing movements (face, hands, limbs)
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