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Natural vegetation, water part 1, Mangrove forests, water part 2, water…

- - - - Scrubs and tough grasses in the hot deserts
      - Mosses and lichens in the cold deserts
      - Little variety of plants
- - - - Water is required by plants to make food --> lack of water, few plants can grow
      - Forest found in areas where rainfall is high above 1000mm per year.
      - In areas with moderate rainfall (200mm - 1000mm), grasslands are more common
      - In areas with little rainfall, hot desert vegetation and tundra are dominant
    - - Most plants cannot grow where temperatures fall below 6*C
        
        Only very few plants like mosses and lichen can adapt to very low temperatures
      - Polar climate --> temp below 0*C, lack of vegetation
      - Temp consistently above 20*C (equatorial climate), growth of plants (especially trees) is abundant
- - - - usually in urban areas where little rainfall seeps into ground and instead runs across the surface
  - - - when snow and ice start to melt in spring, meltwater travels through tributaries to main river channels
        
        when the amount of water in the river channel exceeds its banks, the river will overflow its banks
- - - - rivers : flows of freshwater across land
      - lakes : water bodies surrounded by land
      - glaciers and ice caps : large masses of ice that rest on land or float in sea
- - - - lithosphere becomes dry, loss of soil moisture, soil nutrients. As there is no vegetation to cover the soil, there will be soil erosion. The land cracks and splits up as the moisture is lost
        
        atmosphere will be dry, air will contain little water vapour
        
        hydrosphere will be severely affected as surface water drys up
        
        biosphere will be destroyed and plants will die, habits are lost and the food chain is disrupted
- - - - Coastal zone
        
        closer to low tide levels
        
        flooded for longer periods of time
        
        higher salinity levels
        
        dominant species : sonneratia, avicennia
        
        Roots : aerial (cone and pencil -- sharp)
      - Middle & Inland zone
        
        closer to high tide level
        
        flooded for shorter periods of time
        
        lower salinity levels
        
        dominant species : rhizophora, bruguiera
        
        Bruguiera species is the least tolerant to salt water + knee bend roots
        
        rhizophora roots - prop roots / stilt roots
- - - - soil is waterlogged
        
        very poor in oxygen
        
        roots grow partially above soil surface
        
        enables direct absorption of oxygen from air when exposed to during low tide
      - soft and unstable soil
        
        roots help to anchor plants
        
        prevent them from being uprooted and washed away by strong waves
- - - - grow best where the average air and water temperatures do not fall below 20*C
  - - - grow best where the average air and water temperatures do not fall below 20*C
  - - - water has a higher salinity = not many plants can thrive
        
        due to lack of competition for sunlight, mangroves grow to uniform height
  - - - fine sediments can also accumulate to provide mangrove plants with nutrients -- sustain the growth of plants
- - - - eg bruguiera
- - - - when roots absorb saline water
        
        leaves enable them to remove salt
        
        when concentrated salt solution secreted by leaves evaporate
        
        salt crystals are left on leaf surfaces
        
        removed by rain or wind
        
        salt is prevented from building up within the plant
        
        1 more item...
  - - - deposited in older leaves
        
        plant will shed those leaves
        
        prevent salt from building up inside the plant
        
        eg sonneratia
- - - - the presence off coliform bacteria, specifically e-coli (a type of coliform bacteria) in drinking water can cause water-borne diseases like diarrhoea and dysentery, vomiting, typhoid, fever, cholera hepatitis A and eventually death
  - - - decomposing algae take in oxygen, reducing amount of oxygen in water
- - - - falls back as rain (precipitation)
        
        flows as runoff or seeps into the ground (infiltration & groundwater flow)
        
        eventually returns to water bodies
        
        evaporates again
- - - - water level in the river gradually decreases until it runs dry
- - - - 1 hectare
  - - - 2.7 million hectares
- - - - Tualang tree, kapok tree