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Developmental Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Prefrontal Cortex Development
    - - Gross Motor Skills
        
        Running
        
        Climbing
        
        Jumping
      - Fine Motor Skills
        
        Using Utensils
        
        Drawing
        
        Buttoning Clothes
    - - Running
      - Skipping
      - Drawing Shapes
      - Tying Shoes
  - - - Vocab Expansion
      - Grammar Use
    - - Working Memory
      - Long Term Memory
    - - Trial and Error Learning
      - Use of Tools or Strategies
    - - Expanded Vocabulary (1,000+ words)
      - Early Storytelling
      - Recognition of Numbers/Letters
  - - - Cooperative Play
      - Developing Friendships
      - Understanding Rules
  - - - Pretend Play/Drawing
      - Egocentrism
      - Animism
      - Lack of Conservation
    - - Trying New Activities
      - Developing Independence
      - Balance Between Ambition and Self Control
  - - - Piaget’s Theory (Concrete Operational Stage: 7–11 years)
        
        Conservation (understanding quantity stays the same despite appearance)
        
        Classification (grouping objects by multiple traits)
        
        Seriation (ordering by size, number, etc.)
        
        Logical thinking (but still tied to concrete objects, not abstract ideas)
    - - Erikson’s Theory (Industry vs. Inferiority: 6–12 years)
        
        Mastery of skills (reading, math, sports, hobbies)
        
        Developing competence & self-esteem
        
        Risk of inferiority if children feel inadequate compared to peers
    - - (Kohlberg’s Theory, early stages)
        
        Conventional morality (rules seen as important for social approval and order)
        
        Sense of fairness, justice, and empathy growing stronger
    - - Steady growth, not as rapid as early childhood
      - Improved coordination (sports, dance, riding bikes, handwriting)
      - Better fine motor skills (art projects, musical instruments)
    - - Physical Develpoment (Puberty)
        
        Hormonal changes (testosterone, estrogen)
        
        Primary sex characteristics (menstruation, sperm production)
        
        Secondary sex characteristics (voice changes, body hair, breast development)
        
        Growth spurts (height/weight increase, muscle development)
        
        Body image/self-esteem issues tied to physical changes
      - Cognitive Development
        
        Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage, 12+
        
        Abstract thinking (hypotheticals, “what if” scenarios)
        
        Deductive reasoning
        
        Metacognition (thinking about thinking)
        
        Idealism and concern for social issues
      - Psychosocial Development
        
        Erikson’s Stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12–18 years)
        
        Identity Diffusion (no direction, not exploring)
        
        Foreclosure (commitment without exploration)
        
        Moratorium (actively exploring, not yet committed)
        
        Identity Achievement (committed after exploration)
        
        James Marcia’s Identity Statuses
        
        Forming a sense of self and future goals
        
        Struggling with role confusion if identity is unclear
      - Moral Development
        
        Kohlberg’s Next Level
        
        Movement into post-conventional morality (not all adolescents reach this)
        
        Understanding that rules can be questioned based on ethical principles
        
        Greater concern for justice, rights, and universal values
      - Emerging Adult
        
        Biosocial
        
        Peak physical performance (strength, speed, endurance at their highest)
        
        Slower recovery begins compared to adolescence
        
        Risk-taking behaviors (substance use, unsafe sex, reckless driving) more common
        
        Health habits set patterns for adulthood (exercise, diet, sleep)
        
        Cognitive
        
        Postformal thought (proposed “5th stage” after Piaget)
        
        More flexible, practical, and dialectical thinking
        
        Ability to handle ambiguity and multiple perspectives
        
        Higher education: advanced problem-solving and specialization
        
        Increased self-reflection, decision-making, and long-term planning
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation (focus on close relationships, romantic partnerships, friendships)
        
        Identity exploration continues (career, values, lifestyle, relationships)
        
        Cohabitation, marriage, or choosing independence
        
        Emerging adulthood is often called the “age of instability” due to transitions in work, love, and residence
        
        Adulthood
        
        Biosocial
        
        Gradual decline in physical strength, flexibility, metabolism
        
        Health habits from early adulthood influence aging
        
        Hormonal changes (menopause, andropause)
        
        Brain plasticity continues but processing speed slows
        
        Cognitive
        
        Postformal and practical intelligence deepen (integration of logic and emotion)
        
        Expertise in career or family domains develops
        
        Memory and processing may decline slightly, but problem-solving grows
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Erikson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife)
        
        Focus on contribution, work, family, mentoring
        
        Midlife transitions and identity reevaluation
        
        Maintaining intimate relationships; parenting or mentoring roles
        
        Late Adulthood
        
        Biosocial
        
        Noticeable physical aging (wrinkles, mobility limits, sensory loss)
        
        Chronic illness risk increases
        
        Importance of health maintenance and social activity
        
        Cognitive
        
        Crystallized intelligence (knowledge) remains strong
        
        Fluid intelligence (speed, new learning) declines
        
        Selective optimization with compensation
        
        Memory loss potential (short-term > long-term)
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Erikson’s Integrity vs. Despair
        
        Reflecting on life achievements and regrets
        
        Maintaining social networks; coping with loss
        
        Importance of meaning, spirituality, and legacy