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1 Anatomy of the Central Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
1 Anatomy of the Central Nervous
System
Subdivisions of the central nervous system
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (periphery)
Voluntary (somatic) nervous system
Innervation of facial
muscles
Autonomous (or visceral) nervous system
Innervation of the hart
The Enteric Nervous System
(Para)sympathetic innervation and organization of the gut local plexus
Principal elements of the central nervous system
Principal elements of a neuron
Synapses
Presynaptic element (part (end) of the axon
varicosity or bouton)
contains synaptic vesicles and mitochondria
receptors
For neurotransmitters
postsynaptic element
cellbody / dendrite / spine of a dendrite / axon)
Synaptic cleft
Axons
Main output
Travel together in tracts: corpus callosum
White matter: axons
Grey matter: cell bodies
Cortex: Neurons in layers on the outside of the brain
Nucleus: Neurons close to the ventricle
Neuroglial cells
Central Nervous System
Ependymal cells
Line spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
Involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS axons
Provide structural framework
Astrocytes
Maintain blood brain barrier
Controlling levels of neurotransmitters around synapses
Regulate ion, and providing metabolic support
Microglia
Brains's immune cells
Remove dead cells and pathogens by phagocytes
Peripheral Nervous System
Satellite Cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Regulate neurotransmitter levels
Scwann cells
Myelinate neurons in PNS
Maintenance and regeneration of neurons after injury
Vascularization and cerebrospinal fluid
Brain Vascularization
Circle of Willis
A continuous structure creates a redundant
blood supply in the brain, protecting against ischemia
Cerebo Spinal Fluid
CSF in ventricles function as cushion for the brain
Main subdivisions of the brain
Brainstem/Hindbrain: Myelencephalon and Metencephalon
General
cranial nerve nuclei (motor and sensory)
ascending and descending fiber tracts
(between spinal cord and forebrain)
Cerebellum + precerebellar nuclei
reticular formation
monoaminergic cell groups
Myelencephalon
Cranial nerve nuclei
n. vestibulocochlearis (VIII), n. glossopharyngeus (IX), n. vagus (X), (part of) n. accessorius (neck muscles, XI), n. hypoglossus (XII) (sensory, motor and autonomic functions)
Inferior Olive
Coordinate signals from the spinal cord to the
cerebellum, regulate motor coordination and learning
Reticular Formation
respiratory and cardiovascular centers
Metencephalon
Cerebellum
coordin. movement, learning
Pons
Precerebellar ‘nucleus’; bridge between cortex and
cerebellum
Cranial Nerve Nuclei
n. trigeminus (V), n. abducens (eyes,VI), n. facialis (VII)
sensory and motor nuclei for face, motor nucleus eye muscle
Locus Coeruleus
Noradrenergic innervation almost ‘entire’ brain
Raphe Nuclei
Serotonergic innervation spinal cord and cerebellu
Midbrain: Mesencephalon
Sensory and Motor relay nuclei
Cranial nerve nuclei
n. oculomotorius (III), n. trochlearis (motor & autonomic
nuclei for extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles, IV)
Substantia nigra Compacta
dopaminergic innervation basal ganglia and cortex
Raphe Nuclei
serotonergic innervation forebrain
Forebrain: Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Epithalamus
pineal gland (circadian rhythm) and the habenula (depression,
mood disorders, adaptive behaviors, learning)
Hypothalamus
autonomic center: main function is to relay CNS with endocrine system: relationships with pituitary. basic behavioral functions: eating/drinking, fight/flight, sexual behavior
Thalamus
complex of relay nuclei for sensory, motor and association input to the cerebral cortex strict topographical relationships between thalamic nuclei and cerebral cortical areas relay and modulation for inputs to the cerebral cortex
Telencephalon
Cortex with functional divisions
Motor
Sensory
Association
Subcortical structure
Basal Ganglia and Striatum
Neocortex
Cortical representations are topographical
motor and somatosensory cortices
Two hemispheres with lateral ventricles
Neuromodulatory Systems
Noradrenaline: Locus Coeruleus
The noradrenergic system innervates almost the entire brain.
Function: alertness, arousal, and readiness for action.
Dopamineergic system: Substia Nigra
and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
The dopaminergic system mostly innervates basal ganglia and cortex.
Function: controlling voluntary movement, attention, motivation, reward prediction, learning & memory.
Serotoninergic system: raphe nuclei
The serotonergic system innervates forebrain, spinal cord and cerebellum.
Function: anxiety, depression, fear (note serotonin uptake inhbitors) , sleep, appetite, circadian rhythm, mood, and cognitive function.
Cholinergic system: Nucleus Basalis
Medial septum/diagonal band, in telecephalon. Acetylcholine
The cholinergic system diffuse innervations across the brain.
Function attention, arousal, sleep, sensory processing
Histamineergic system: Tuberomammilary
nucleus (posterior hypothalamus, diencephalon)
The histaminergic system diffuse innervations across the brain.
Function maintenance of wakefulness (note anti-histamine sleep medication), appetite regulation, cognition and arousal
