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BLOOD GLUCOSE (3.9mmol/L - 5.6mmol/L), both processes occurs in the liver,…

- - - - secretion of INSULIN via pancreatic gland
        
        RESPONSE
        
        conversion of glucose to glycogen stored in muscle tissue and LIVER
        
        connects to antagonistic hormone
        
        decreases glucose in the blood
        
        as glucose levels near set point, stimulus for release of insulin diminishes
        
        secretes directly into bloodstream
        
        cells uptake more glucose
      - Type 1 diabetes
        
        beta cells don't function correclly
      - found in pancreas
- - - - secretion of GLUCAGON
        
        REPSONSE
        
        synthesises of glucose from amino acids
        
        Gluconeogenesis - production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source
        
        a response to fasting, starving, or prolonged periods of exercise when glycogen stores are exhausted --> athletes
        
        stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose
        
        releases glucose into the blood
        
        as glucose levels near set point, stimulus for release of glucagon diminishes
        
        negative feedback loop stops-- homeostasis is restored
        
        blood glucose homeostasis is beneficial as it allows energy to be available to cells as required
        
        Glycogenolysis - production of glucose from a carbohydrate source
      - found in the pancreas but secrete hormones into the liver
      - Type 2 diabetes
        
        alpha cells don't function correctly
- - - - received by target cells
        
        receptor
        
        only certain cells can receive hormone
        
        means it can travel through bloodstream without effecting other cells
        
        glucose uptake pathway - hyperglycemia
        
        two insulin molecules bind to an insulin receptor at the extracellular side
        
        phosphate groups are added to the receptor in the intracellular environment (autophosphorylation)
        
        process begins a signal cascade causing other proteins to be phosphorylated (each protein goes on to activate more)
        
        pathway results in the activation of Glut4 secretory vesicles which produce Glut4 glucose transporters
        
        transporter inserts into the membrane diffusing/uptaking glucose from the extracellular environment
    - - a stimulus in blood
        
        reason for negative feedback loop of glucagon and insulin
    - - slower
        
        has to travel to target cells through bloodstream
        
        takes longer than a nervous response
      - longer lasting
        
        hormones induce metabolic change --> results in cascading events that take longer to conclude even once levels are rectified
        
        unlike nervous systems which act only when stimulus is present