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MDLS 1053_INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED LINGUISTICS ASSIGNMENT 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reference = a speaker/writer uses language to enable a listener/reader to identify something
        
        A reference of a word depends on the person using it.
        
        Successful reference does not only depend on the speaker but also on the listener, thus the notion of inference must be included.
      - Inference
        
        A successful act of reference depends more on the listener’s ability to recognize what the speaker means.
        
        Usually, only the speaker and listener know/understand of what is being said = same context
        
        A guess that you make or an opinion that you form based on the information that you have.
        
        Additional information used by the listener to create a connection of what is said and what must be meant – to make sense what has not been explicitly said.
    - - In deriving meaning, the influence of context is vital.
        
        There are different kinds of context:
        
        a. Linguistics Context = co-text
        
        Co-text of a word = a set of words used in
        
        the same phrase or sentence.
        
        Used to guess the meaning of a word.
        
        example :
        
        The student is present in class.
        
        She received a beautiful present from her brother.
    - - Deictic expressions = is the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context
        
        Deixis – words that shift reference, that change meaning according to the context and/or the speaker
        
        Some very common words that cannot be interpreted at all if we do not know the context.
        
        Examples:
        here, there, this, that, now, then, yesterday, today, you, me, him etc
        
        difficult to interpret if
        
        we do not know / understand the context.
        
        we do not know who is speaking, about whom, where & when
        
        Example :
        Please bring them on Monday because
        she needs to check them before handing them to him.
      - Type of Deixis
        
        Spatial deixis
        (location)
        
        here, there, near
        
        Temporal deixis
        (time)
        
        now, then, last week
        
        Person deixis
        (people & things)
        
        him, her, those, these, it, this