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"Overview of the Research Process", Screen data for completeness…

- - - - Narrow a broad topic into a specific research question (e.g., "Does stress during pregnancy increase pre-eclampsia risk?").
        
        Identify a significant research problem (e.g., a clinical issue needing improvement).
      - Step 3: Defining the Framework and Conceptual Definitions
        
        Clarify key variables (independent/dependent) and their relationships.
        
        Develop conceptual definitions (e.g., "stress" defined as "number of stressful life events").
    - - Conduct a literature review to understand existing knowledge.
      - Helps refine the research question and avoid duplication.
      - Step 4: Formulating Research Questions and Hypotheses
        
        Research Question: Identifies concepts and relationships (e.g., "Is pre-eclampsia associated with stress?").
        
        Hypothesis: A testable prediction (e.g., "Pregnant women with high stress are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia").
  - - - Choose between:
        
        Experimental: Researcher intervenes (e.g., testing a new therapy).
      - Non-experimental: Observes without intervention (e.g., surveying patient experiences).
      - Step 6: Identifying the Population
        
        Define the target population (e.g., "pregnant women in Alexandria").
        
        Step 7: Designing the Sampling Plan
        
        Ensure the sample represents the population to avoid bias.
        
        Select a sample (subset of the population) for practicality.
    - - Decide how to measure variables:
      - Self-reports (questionnaires).
      - Observations (e.g., infant sleep patterns).
      - Step 9: Safeguarding Human Rights
        
        Ensure ethical compliance:
        
        Informed consent.
        
        Protection of participant confidentiality.
        
        Biophysiological measures (e.g., blood pressure).
        
        Step 10: Finalizing the Research Plan
        
        Seek peer feedback to refine the study design.
        
        Step 11: Conducting a Pilot Study
        
        Test the study on a small scale to identify flaws (e.g., unclear survey questions).