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Development of School Counselling - Coggle Diagram
Development of School Counselling
Guidance Movement (Early 1900s)
Industrial Revaluation context
Jesse B. Davis (systematic program, Detroit/Grand Rapids)
Frank Goodwin (Cincinnati)
Eli Weaver (New York City)
Anna Y. Reed (Seattle, employability)
Frank Parsons ("Father of Guidance")
Boston Vocational Bureau (1908)
Scientific approach to career selection
Choosing a Vocation (1909)
3 essential factors for vocation choice
Self-understanding
general knowledge about careers
knowledge of one’s career interests
Training counselors
First counselor certification program (Boston/Harvard)
National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA, 1913)
Post -WWI to WWII
Group intelligence tests (Army Alpha/Beta, 1917)
Sigmund Freud's influence (1920)
Rise of school guidance/social workers (1920s)
William H. Burnham (Elementary guidance advocacy, 1926)
First certification of school counselors (e.g. New York, 1926)
E. G. Williamson (How to Counsel Students, 1939)
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1939)
Progressive Education Movement (John Dewey, 1920s)
Great Depression (abandonment of support)
Mid-20th Century (Post - WWII)
New social trends
Carl Rogers (Counseling and Psychotherapy, 1942)
Occupational Outlook Handbook (1948)
George-Barden Act of 1946 (funding for guidance)
Reorganization of US Office of Education (broadens focus)
Sputnik I (1957) & NDEA (1958)
Counseling institutes//training programs
1960s to 1970s expansion
Expansion of guidance/counseling in states
Emergence of new counseling theories (eg behavioural, humanistic, existential)
Elementary and secondary education act (ESEA, 1965)
Literature defining school counselor role (Patterson, Roeber)
NDEA expanded to elementary/junior colleges (1964)
Joint Committee on the elementary school counselor report (1966)
Growth of elementary counselors (4000 in 1967 and 8000 in 1971)
Elementary school guidance and counseling journal
shift to developmental force
move into consulting roles
Education Act for All Handicapped Children (Public Law 94-142, 1975)
Late 20th Century (1980s-1990s)
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, CACREP, formed (1981)
National Board of Certified Counselors formed (NBCC, 1982)
A Nation at Risk (1983) - call for accountability
APGA to American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) (1985)
Gysbers & Henderson: Developing and Managing your Guidance program (1988)
21st Century (2000s-present)
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2001)
Emphasis on accountability/data-driven programs
ASCA National Model (2003, 2005, 2012)
Focus on Leadership, advocacy, collaboration, systemic change
Re-examining/transforming school counselor role
Increased diversity of student populations