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How could you determine the concentration of a specific molecule, ion or…

- - - - Mol/L
      - %
      - PPM
  - - - An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge (e.g. Cl-, Na+)
    - - The specific chemical compound within a substance that is responsible for producing its intended effect (e.g. sodium hypochlorite in bleach)
    - - A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (e.g. acetic acid)
- - - - High theoretical accuracy
      - Good for specific ions
    - - Needs precise mass measurement
      - Limited to ions forming insoluble compounds
      - Time-consuming (requires drying)
  - - - Non-destructive
      - Quick results
    - - Only works if the solution is visibly colored
      - Requires calibration and consistent lighting
  - - - Easy to repeat or consistency
      - Straightforward
      - High accuracy & precision
    - - Clear, visible endpoint needed
      - Only works if acid/base system is involved
- - - - Concentration of HCl and NaOH
      - Reaction time
      - Mass of crushed tablet
      - Indicator used
    - - Volume of HCl added
  - - - Volume of HCl required to neutralize NaHCO₃
    - - Mass of baking soda used
      - Volume of baking soda solution
      - Concentration of NaCl
      - Type and amount of indicator
      - Temperature
    - - Volume of HCl
  - - - Volume of NaOH required to neutralize a fixed volume of vinegar
    - - Volume of vinegar sample
      - Indicator used
      - Equipment
      - Volume of vinegar sample
      - Temperature
    - - Volume of NaOH added