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TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Focal
        (confined to one area of the brain) Direct blow to the head after collision with external object Sharp (foreign body or depressed skull fracture) Blunt (coup: direct or contrecoup: indirect)
      - Multifocal and Diffuse
        (involving more than one area of the brain)Cerebral contusion (scattered areas of bleeding on the surface of the brain, most commonly along the undersurface and poles of the frontal and temporal lobes. Diffuse axonal (injury the shearing (tearing) of the brain's long connecting nerve fibers (axons) that happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull)
- - - - A progressive brain disease from repeated head trauma, causing dementia-like symptoms such as memory loss, aggression, confusion, and depression.
- - - - Closed injuries can damage tissue at the impact site (coup), opposite side (contrecoup), or diffusely. The frontal and temporal lobes are most vulnerable. Axons and blood vessels may be torn, causing contusions, hemorrhage, or hematomas (intracerebral, subarachnoid, epidural, subdural).
- - - - COGNITIVE
        
        REPEATING THINGS, FORGETFULNESS, TROUBLE WITH ATTENTION, PROBLEM WTH COMMUNICATION, DIFFICULTY PROCESSING
      - BEHAVIORAL
        
        APATHY, MOOD SWINGS, PERSONALITY CHANGES, IMPULSIVITY, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, INCREASED/DECREASED HUNGER, CHANGES IN SOCIAL SKILL, FLAT OR RESTRICTED AFFECT
      - PHYSICAL
        
        SLEEP DISTUBANCE , PAIN(HEADACHE), CHANGES IN SENSES, SEIZURES, LOSS OF MOTOR SKILLS, DIIGESTION CHANGES, FATIGUE, COORDINATION AND BALANCE IMPAIRMENT
- - - - 3 assessment or scales used
        
        Ranchos Los Amigos Scale (RLAS) – to measures level of awareness and cognitive function.
        
        Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) –to assess Level of consciousness
        
        Post Traumatic Amnesia Scale (PTAS)- measure predictor functional outcome and severity of injury