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Hyperthyroid Neoplasias - Coggle Diagram

- - - - older patients
    - - compressive sympt: dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness
      - painful!!
    - - TP53
    - - very poor prognosis
  - - - Histology
        
        more images
        
        Empty appearing nuclei with a ground glass appearance (arrow aka orphan annie!), psammoma bodies (zones of lamellar concentric calcification), nuclear grooves
      - prognosis
        
        good prognosis!!
      - most prevalent palpable lymph nodes, good prognosis
      - gene mutations
        
        BRAF, RET/PTC, childhood radiation exposure
      - Risk Factor: A major risk factor for PTC is prior radiation exposure to the head or neck
  - - - histology
        
        sheets of polygonal cells in an amyloid stroma (darker purple?)
        
        stains with congo red
      - Associated gene mutations
        
        RET, MEN2 syndrome
        
        remember MEN2 RETched Marfan
      - cancer of the parafollicular "C cells," produces calcitonin
  - - - invasion of thyroid capsule & vasculature
      - fine needle aspiration might not distinguish it from follicular adenoma
    - - RAS, PAX8-PPAR-gamma translocation