Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Motor, Social and
Cognitive Development - Coggle Diagram
Motor, Social and
Cognitive Development
Motor Development
- Motor development occurs rapidly during the first 2 years of life
- Typically developing children vary considerably in the ages at which they reach motor milestones.
- Cultural differences and other factors affect the onset age of different milestones
milestones:
- 0-2 months > chin up
- 2-4 months > chest up
- 2-5 months > rolls over
- 5-8 months > sits without support
- 5-10 months > stands holding on
- 6-10 months > pulls self to stand
- 7-13 months > walks holding onto furniture
- 10-14 months > stands alone
- 11-14 months > walks well
- 14-22 months > walks up steps
maturation vs experience
Does maturation drive motor development, or does experience play a role?
- Usually a combination of both depending on what it is.
- Supine sleeping > not maturation, but experience. Baby positioned by parents to reduce the risk of SIDS. Doing this for too long causes a longer time to achieve some milestones dependent on upper body control > need for tummy time.
- Hopi indians > maturation, not experience. No difference in onset of walking for babies who are in structured cradles (restricted movement) compared to those who aren’t.
Do older siblings influence motor development?
- Imitation models:
- Younger siblings copy older siblings > move earlier
- Parental resource theories:
- Younger siblings need to share their parents with older siblings > less attention/support > move later
- Testing crawl onset > data says there's basically a 50-50 shot for whether the older or younger sibling crawls first.
- Higher rate (62%) for imitation theory when it comes to walking > in any case, it's only like a few weeks difference between which kid gets it first and which gets it second.
How do children learn to locomote?
- Complex problem because infants’ bodies change rapidly and their environment is variable.
- Maturation and experience interact to guide online problem solving.
- When faced with novel locomotor problems, infants must learn what their limits are
- New crawlers plunge down slopes > with locomotor experience, infants learn what gradient is safe, and what is risky
- Infants gradually work out an adaptive solution to the problem.
- Learning is specific to the problem space > infants tend to not transfer knowledge from one posture to another (crawling to walking) even in a single session
Do infants learn anything from falling?
- How many trials does it take for a child to avoid falling into a pit
- Adults avoided falling after one trial.
- It takes young children (15 months) about 7 trials to find a different solution, but toddlers with more locomotor experience learn to avoid falling faster.
-
-
- Methods designed for studying cognitive development may be applied to study how infants understand their social world
- However, rich interpretation of infant behaviour may be problematic.
- Always ask:
- Is there a more parsimonious explanation?
- Can basic perceptual processes explain the infant’s behaviour?