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THE PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER💧🪨💨(Kaelen) - Coggle Diagram
THE PARTICULATE MODEL OF MATTER💧🪨💨(Kaelen)
Matter
What is it?
Matter is made up of tiny particles
These particles can be atoms, molecules or ions.
The particles possess kinetic energy, so they are in constant and random motion.
A.K.A. the Brownian motion
Solid
Vibrate at their
fixed positions
only
Liquid
Vibrate and move about freely in
confined
spaces
Gas
Vibrate and move in
all directions
at high speeds
The motion of particles of a substance in different physical states is different.
Temperature
How does it affect the movement of the particles in matter?
When the particles
gain
heat energy, their average kinetic energy
increases
When the particles
lose
heat energy, their average kinetic energy
decreases
The particles in solids, liquids and gases are different in the following ways:
Their arrangement
Their motion
The strength of attractive force between them
The distance/space between each other
Model of matter
Solid
Factor affecting the particles
Attractive force
Very strong
Arrangement
Orderly / Regular
Space
Closely
packed together
Motion
Can only vibrate at
fixed positions
Liquid
Factor affecting the particles
Attractive force
Moderately strong
Arrangement
Disorderly / Random
Space
Quite
close together
Motion
Move about freely by
sliding over
one another
Gas
Factor affecting the particles
Attractive force
Weak/Negligible
Arrangement
Disorderly / Random
Space
Far apart
Motion
Move freely in
all directions at high speeds
Physical properties of Matter
Solids
Physical properties
Have a fixed shape
Factor: Attractive force, motion and arrangement
Why: The particles are held by strong attractive force, so they can only vibrate at their fixed positions and hence have an orderly arrangement.
Have a fixed volume
Factor: Motion
Why: The particles can only vibrate at their fixed positions.
Cannot be compressed easily
Factor: Spaces
Why: The particles are closely packed together, so there are limited spaces to squeeze them further.
Have high densities
Factor: Spaces
Why: The particles are closely packed together, so the mass per volume ratio is relatively high.
Expansion during heating
Factor: Motion and spaces
Why: When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particles increases.
Contraction during cooling
Factor: Motion and spaces
Why: When a substance is cooled, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. The distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.
Liquids
Physical properties
Does not have a fixed shape but take the shape of containers
Why: The attractive forces between the particles are moderately strong, so they can only move about freely by sliding over one another in confined spaces and hence have a disorderly arrangement.
Factor: Attractive force, motion and arrangement
Have a fixed volume
Why: The attractive forces between the particles are strong enough to hold them in confined spaces, so they cannot move freely in all directions.
Factor: Attractive force and motion
Cannot be compressed easily
Why: The particles are quite closely packed together, so there are limited spaces to squash them further.
Factor: Spaces
Expansion during heating
Why: When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particles increases.
Factor: Motion and spaces
Contraction during cooling
Why: When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.
Factor: Motion and spaces
Contraction during cooling
When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.
Factor: Motion and spaces
Gases
Physical properties
Does not have a fixed shape and a fixed volume
Factor: Attractive force, motion and arrangement
Why: The attractive force between the particles are negligible, so they are free to move randomly in all directions and have a disorderly arrangement.
Have low densities
Factor: Motion
Why: The particles are able to spread out in all the available spaces, so the mass per volume ratio is relatively low.
Can be compressed easily
Factor: Spaces
Why: The particles of gases are far apart from one another, so there are more spaces between them. Hence, they can be squashed together easily.
Can diffuse easily
Factor: Attractive force
Why: The attractive force between particles are negligible, so they are free to move anywhere at high speeds.
Expansion during heating
Factor: Motion and spaces
Why: When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy to vibrate more vigorously and push each other away, so the distance between them increases and hence the volume occupied by the particle increases.
Contraction during cooling
Factor: Motion and spaces
Why: When a substance is cooled, the particles lose energy. As a result, their motion decreases and they come close to one another. As a result, the distance between them decreases and hence the volume occupied by the particles decreases.