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Chapter 3-4 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3-4
Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding
Water Molecule Structure
Bent shape
Polar covalent bonds
2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak attraction between δ+ H and δ− O/N/F
Intermolecular force
Forms between water molecules
Cohesion & Adhesion
Cohesion: water sticks to water
Adhesion: water sticks to other polar surfaces
High Surface Tension
Due to cohesion
Example: Water droplets form spheres
Electronegativity & Polar Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal sharing of electrons
Leads to partial charges (δ+ and δ−)
Example: H₂O (O more electronegative)
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons
Example: O₂, CH₄
Electronegativity
Low in: Hydrogen
Creates polarity in bonds
High in: Oxygen, nitrogen
Definition: Atom’s ability to attract electrons
Molecular Polarity
Overall shape + bond polarity
Water = bent → polar molecule
Four Life-Supporting Properties of Water
Ice Floats
Solid water is less dense than liquid
H-bonds stabilize in crystal structure
Allows life under ice
Cohesion/Adhesion
Helps water move up plant xylem
Capillary action
Temperature Moderation
Water resists temperature changes
Stabilizes climates, body temp
High specific heat
Solvent of Life
Creates aqueous environment for reactions
Example: NaCl in water
Dissolves ions & polar molecules
Atomic Structure & Carbon Bonding Behavior
Atomic Number & Mass
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons
Determines isotope identity
Atomic number = protons
Acids & Bases
Base: accepts H⁺ (pH > 7)
pH affects enzyme activity, cell function
Acid: donates H⁺ (pH < 7)
Atomic Structure
Nucleus = protons + neutrons
Electrons in orbitals/shells
Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (−)
Carbon’s Bonding Behavior
Can form: chains, rings, double/triple bonds
Forms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA
4 valence electrons → forms 4 bonds