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Vaccine Immunology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Attenuated virus
        
        Reversion risk
        
        Not suitable for immunocompromised
        
        Effectiveness versus attenuation
        
        Advantages
    - - Inactivated virus
        
        Advantages
        
        Suitable for immunocompromised
        
        No risk of reversion
        
        Generally good humoral
        response (antibody response)
        
        Might be sufficient for
        extracellular pathogens
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Inactivation destroys some PAMPs
        
        Does not replicate
        
        Does not enter cells
        
        No MHC-I
        presentation
        
        No CD8+ T cell activation
        
        In general - weak immune
        system activation
        
        Strong adjuvants needed
        
        No DAMPs
        
        Weaker immune cell recruitment
        
        Small duration of antigen exposure
        
        Weak antibodies (B cells don't have a chance to undergo proper maturity training against antigens because antigens disappear)
        
        Weak B cell activation (B cells need to present antigen to get activated by Tfh cells. If there is no antigen left B cells can't present it and can't get activated by Tfh)
      - Subunit
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Similar to inactivated (killed) virus,
        but even less immunogenic
        because usually just one antigen
        
        Multiple boosters and strong adjuvants needed
        
        Types
        
        Protein is most common
        
        Toxoids
        
        Polysaccharides
        
        No presentation on
        MHC (not a peptide)
        
        T-cell independent
        
        No germinal
        center reaction
        
        2 more items...
        
        Solution
        
        Use Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugates
      - Viral vector
        
        Combines safety of non-live and effectiveness of live. Problems with pre-existing immunity to vectors (e.g. adenoviruses)
      - Protein-based
        
        Types
        
        Protein-polysaccharide conjugates
        
        Virus-like particles (VLPs)
        
        Disadvantages
        
        No PAMPs (because viral PAMPs are
        DNA or RNA) and VLPs are just shells
        
        Strong adjuvants needed for better T cell and innate immune response
        
        Advantages
        
        .
        
        Physiological confirmation
        (repetitive structure)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)
        
        Shed by bacteria,
        full of antigens
        
        Presentation on MHC-II and CD4+ T cell activation, but not CD8+ T cell
      - Nucleic acid
        
        Delivery by e.g. LNPs
        
        Presentation on MHC-I and when cells die and release it also presented on MHC-II
- - - - Rednesss
      - Pain
      - Swelling
      - Fever