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Lecture hw ch. 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Coggle Diagram
Lecture hw ch. 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Evidence That Viral DNA Can Program Cells
bacteriophages
A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
virus
An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.
To produce more viruses, a virus must infect a cell and take over the cell’s metabolic machinery.
Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
DNA replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis.
semiconservative model
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.
replication fork
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.
helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
single-strand binding protein
A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.
topoisomerase
Synthesizing a New DNA Strand
primer
A short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template.
DNA polymerases
An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain.
leading strand
The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.
okazaki fragments
) A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication
Proofreading and Repairing DNA
mismatch repair
The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.
nuclease
An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.
nucleotide excision repair
) A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.