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Ch 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Sources: Urry, L. A., Cain, M.…
Ch 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA Replication and Repair
DNA Replication:
process by which a DNA molecule is copied (DNA synthesis)
Semiconservative Model:
DNA replication which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule and one newly made strand
Origins of Replication:
site where replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides
Replication Fork:
Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesizes
Helicase:
enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands
nuclease:
enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA by either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides
Single-strand binding protein:
proteins that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA
Topoisomerase:
proteins that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands, during replication it helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork
Primer:
short polynucleotide with a free 3' end bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication
Primase:
enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA as a template
DNA Polymerase:
enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain,
ex: DNA polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I
Leading Strand:
new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
Lagging Strand:
discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork
Okazaki Fragments:
a short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
DNA Ligase:
enzyme essential for DNA replication, catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA to the 5' end of another DNA fragment
Mismatch Repair:
cellular process the uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides
Telomeres:
repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule, they protect the organism's genes from being eroded during rounds of replication
Chromosome
Heterochromatin:
eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed
Euchromatin:
less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription
Chromatin:
complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; when it is not dividing, it exists in its dispersed from, as a mass of very long, thin fibers
DNA
Antiparallel:
arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
Virus:
incapable of replicating outside of a cell, RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and for some virus (membranous envelope),
ex: influenza virus
Transformation:
cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely; change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation external DNA by a cell
Bacteriophages:
virus that infects bacteria,
ex: lambda phage
Double Helix:
form of DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
Sources: Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Reece, J. B. (2017). Campbell Biology (12th ed.). Pearson.