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BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Coggle Diagram
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Basic differences
COMMODITY AND SPECALITY CHEMICALS
Commodity Chemicals:large scale chemical products.
Specality Chemicals:high value functional chemicals.
CHEMIST AND CHEMICAL ENGINEER
Chemist:small scale production of materials.
Chemical Engineer:scaling up production.
UNIT PROCESS AND UNIT OPERATION
Unit Process:Any chemical change.
Unit operation:Any physical change.
Phases in Chemical Engineering
LAG PHASE(Till 1915)
ACCELERATING GROWTH PHASE(Till 1960)
LOG PHASE(Till 1990)
STATIONARY PHASE
Material and Energy Balance
Input-Output+Generation=Accumulation
Non Reacting system,Generation=0
Steady state,Accumulation=0
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Some Basic Conversions
1in.=2.54cm 1m=100cm
1ft.=12in.
1HP=746W
C/5=(F-32)/9
1cc=1ml
1m^3=1000 l
1 lb=453.6g
Some Basic Units
Discharge=m^3/s
Mass flow Rate=kg/s
Heat Capacity=J/(K kg)
Force=N
Density=kg/m^3
Thermal Conductivity,K=J/(m hr K)
Heat Transfer Coefficient=W/m^2K
molecular weight=g/gmol
STOICHIOMETRY , MOLE CONCEPT,CONCENTRATION EXPRESSION,DENSITY
Stoichiometry
Types of System:
Open:both matter and energy transfer
Closed:Only energy transfer
Isolated:No matter or energy transfer
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:Mass is always conserved.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:Matter is always conserved
Mole concept
1 mole of a substance contains 6.023x10^23 particles in it
No of moles=mass of the substance/molecular weight
Concentration Expression
MOLARITY=no of moles of solute/(Volume of solution in Litres) UNIT:mol L^-1
MOLALITY=no of moles of solute /Mass of solvent in kg.
UNIT:mol kg^-1
NORMALITY=No of Gram equivalents/(litre of solution)
UNIT:eq/L
Density
MASS DENSITY(specific mass)=mass/volume
WEIGHT DENSITY(specific weight)=weight/volume
RELATIVE DENSITY(Specific gravity):density of the substance/density of the reference substance
ITS UNITLESS
GAS LAWS
BOYLE'S LAW:T=const,volume is inversely proportional to pressure
CHARLE'S LAW:P=Const,V is directly proportional to temperature
IDEAL GAS LAW:PV=nRT R=8.314J/(K kg)
=8.2057x10^-2L atm K^-1mol^-1
=8.31451x10^-2 L bar K^-1mol^-1
=8.31 Pa m^3K^-1 mol^-1
=62.634LTorrK^-1 mol^-1
=1.98722calK^-1mol^-1
DALTON'S LAW:Pa=XaP
AMAGAT'S LAW=Va=XaV
PRESSURE%=VOLUME%=MOLE% FOR IDEAL GASES
MASS AVERAGE:Mavg=summation(xiXmolecular weight)
DENSITY OF A GASEOUS MIXTURE:p=PMavg/RT