E+E: In Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya, works were done to make improvements to the slums for the people to improve their living conditions. Despite initial provision of water, sanitation and electricity, maintenance was inadequate. A 2020 report by the University of Nairobi found that sanitation facilities in the upgraded areas deteriorated quickly, and communal toilets were often non-functional due to lack of servicing. Quality of life remained poor, with residents still relying on makeshift sanitation solutions as authorities were reluctant to invest heavily in infrastructure for settlements that technically violated land use policy, undermining the sustainability of improvements. In addition, since these slums were on land that was not intended for housing, it ran contrary to the city's development plans. According to Nairobi's City Master Plan, land occupied by slums like Kibera was for non-residential purposes. As such, upgrading slums where they are currently located means that the slums are sill subjected to risks such as high flood risk long the Nairobi River. Upgrading these areas without addressing the underlying land-use violations meant that residents remained exposed to environmental risks, including flooding and pollution.