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SRHR (Sexual & Reproductive Health Rights) Definition: Human rights…
SRHR (Sexual & Reproductive Health Rights) Definition: Human rights that encompass the ability to make informed decisions about one's sexuality and reproduction, free from coercion, discrimination, and violence.
Adolescent pregnancy
As of 2019, adolescents aged 15–19 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) had an estimated 21 million pregnancies each year, of which approximately 50% were unintended and which resulted in an estimated 12 million births
Based on 2019 data, 55% of unintended pregnancies among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years end in abortions, which are often unsafe in LMICs.
Adolescent mothers (aged 10–19 years) face higher risks of eclampsia, puerperal endometritis and systemic infections than women aged 20–24 years, and babies of adolescent mothers face higher risks of low birth weight, preterm birth and severe neonatal condition.
Data on childbirths among girls aged 10–14 are getting more widely available. Globally the adolescent birth rate for girls 10–14 years in 2023 was estimated at 1.5 per 1000 women with higher rates in sub-Saharan Africa (4.4) and Latin America and the Caribbean (2.3).
Preventing pregnancy among adolescents and pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity are foundational to achieving positive health outcomes across the life course and imperative for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to maternal and newborn health.
Abortion
Abortion is a common health intervention. It is very safe when carried out using a method recommended by WHO, appropriate to the pregnancy duration and by someone with the necessary skills.
Six out of 10 unintended pregnancies end in induced abortion.
However, around 45% of abortions are unsafe.
Unsafe abortion is an important preventable cause of maternal deaths and morbidities. It can lead to physical and mental health complications and social and financial burdens for women, communities and health systems.
Lack of access to safe, timely, affordable and respectful abortion care is a critical public health and human rights issue.
Candidiasis (yeast infection)
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), or vaginal yeast infection, affects millions of women worldwide.
Candidiasis can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth (oral candidiasis or thrush), vagina (vaginal candidiasis), oesophagus, skin and bloodstream (invasive candidiasis).
Oral candidiasis is more common in babies, people with weakened immune systems, individuals using steroid inhalers, denture wearers, people who inject drugs and those with conditions like uncontrolled diabetes.
Candidiasis can be treated with antifungal medications. Treatment can be more complex when infections are caused by drug-resistant species.
Candida auris is a fungal species that can be multi-drug resistant, cause invasive disease and lead to hospital outbreaks.
Candidiasis is a common fungal infection mostly caused by yeasts of the Candida species.
Endometriosis
It is a chronic disease associated with severe, life-impacting pain during periods, sexual intercourse, bowel movements and/or urination, chronic pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, fatigue, and sometimes depression, anxiety, and infertility.
Endometriosis affects roughly 10% (190 million) of reproductive age women and girls globally.
There is currently no known cure for endometriosis and treatment is usually aimed at controlling symptoms.
Access to early diagnosis and effective treatment of endometriosis is important, but is limited in many settings, including in low- and middle-income countries.
Family planning/contraception methods
Access to contraception supports the fundamental human right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of children. It also provides significant health benefits by preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing related health risks.
Among the 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15–49 years) worldwide in 2021, 1.1 billion have a need for family planning; of these, 874 million are using modern contraceptive methods, and 164 million have an unmet need for contraception(1).
Many different contraceptive options are available to prevent unintended pregnancy, including both temporary (reversible) and permanent methods.
Only one contraceptive method, condoms, can prevent both pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.
Female genital mutilation
FGM is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15.
More than 230 million girls and women alive today have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) in 30 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia where FGM is practiced.
FGM is a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
Treatment of the health complications of FGM is estimated to cost health systems US$ 1.4 billion per year, a number expected to rise unless urgent action is taken towards its abandonment.
Herpes simplex virus
Most HSV infections are asymptomatic or unrecognized, but symptoms of herpes include painful blisters or ulcers that can recur over time.
An estimated 520 million people aged 15–49 (13%) worldwide have herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the main cause of genital herpes.
An estimated 3.8 billion people under age 50 (64%) globally have herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the main cause of oral herpes.
An estimated 205 million people aged 15–49 (5.3%) experienced at least one symptomatic episode of genital herpes in 2020 (1).
Infection with HSV-2 increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection.
HIV and AIDS
HIV remains a major global public health issue, having claimed an estimated 44.1 million lives to date. Transmission is ongoing in all countries globally.
There were an estimated 40.8 million people living with HIV at the end of 2024, 65% of whom are in the WHO African Region.
In 2024, an estimated 630 000 people died from HIV-related causes and an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV.
There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with access to effective HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care, including for opportunistic infections, HIV infection has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.
WHO, the Global Fund and UNAIDS all have global HIV strategies that are aligned with the SDG target 3.3 of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030.
By 2025, 95% of all people living with HIV should have a diagnosis, 95% of whom should be taking lifesaving antiretroviral treatment, and 95% of people living with HIV on treatment should achieve a suppressed viral load for the benefit of the person’s health and for reducing onward HIV transmission. In 2024, these percentages were 87%, 89%, and 94% respectively.
In 2024, of all people living with HIV, 87% knew their status, 77% were receiving antiretroviral therapy and 73% had suppressed viral loads.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
More than 1 million curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide in people 15–49 years old, the majority of which are asymptomatic.
In 2020 there were an estimated 374 million new infections in people 15–49 years with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis.
An estimated 8 million adults between 15 and 49 years old were infected with syphilis in 2022.
An estimated 520 million people aged 15–49 years (13%) worldwide have herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the main cause of genital herpes (1).
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311 000 cervical cancer deaths each year (2).
1.1 million pregnant women were estimated to be infected with syphilis in 2022, resulting in over 390 000 adverse birth outcomes.
STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.
Drug resistance is a major threat to reducing the burden of STIs worldwide.