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Chapter 19 & 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
    - - A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.
  - - - The limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus
        
        Viruses usually identify host cells by a “handshake” fit between viral surface proteins and specific receptor molecules on the outside of cells
  - - - A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle.
  - - - A phage that is capable of replicating by either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
    - - A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.
  - - - An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
    - - An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
    - - The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.
    - - A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome.
- - - - A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
    - - A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls; may be used to help determine medical response to an infection.
    - - Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria.
    - - Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria.
    - - In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells.
    - - A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions.
    - - ) A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
    - - In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also called a sex pilus or conjugation pilus.
  - - - A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.
  - - - An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.
    - - ) A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains.
    - - A surface-coating colony of one or more species of unicellular organisms that engage in metabolic cooperation; most known biofilms are formed by prokaryotes.
  - - - An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there. Extremophiles include extreme halophiles (“salt lovers”) and extreme thermophiles (“heat lovers”).
    - - An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
    - - An organism that thrives in hot environments (often 60 to 80 degrees C or hotter).
  - - - An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
    - - The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.
    - - A positive-positive ecological interaction that benefits individuals of both interacting species.
    - - A positive-neutral ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species.