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Chapter 1 : Computer Architecture - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 1 : Computer Architecture
1.1 : Introduction to Computer Architecture
Device for data processing and output.
Design and construction of computer for functionality
Design, organization, and connection of computer parts.
Computer
A device that receives and processes data according to a set of instructions and produces the processed data
Computer Architecture
A description of how a computer is designed and built to function, including how its various parts are designed
Data/Datum
Information that is used in a computer program
1.2 : Units of Data
Computers are digital devices that process numerical data in binary form.
The smallest unit of data is a bit, a binary digit with a value of 0 or 1.
All data is stored and processed using binary numbers.
A single bit is too simple to represent complex data, hence bytes are used.
A byte is a unit of data made up of eight bits.
Bit
A binary digit that takes on a value of either 1 or 0
Byte
A binary number made up of 8 bits
Units of Measurement of Data
1.3 : Components of a Computer System
Memory
Stores data and instructions temporarily for immediate use by the processor
Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporarily stores data and instructions for quick access by the processor.
RAM is volatile and can be easily changed.
Most desktop computers have RAM on removable cards for easy upgrades.
Other computers may have a fixed amount of RAM that cannot be changed.
Memory consists of many switches arranged in a fixed order.
Each switch can store one bit of data based on whether it is ON or OFF.
Memory is typically made up of small electronic switches, taking up less space.
Each byte's position is represented by an address, allowing quick access to the switches for data reading or modification.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Stores data and instructions rarely needed for computer startup.
Data is unchangeable and retained even with power supply shutdown.
Ideal for storing critical instructions before other data loads into RAM.
Address
A number that is used to locate a byte in
memory.
Main memory
A device that is used to store data and instructions temporarily for immediate use by the processor
Volatile
Lost when the power supply is interrupted.
Processor
Processes data and follows instructions
The CPU, or central processing unit (CPU), is a complex circuit composed of many components.
When a processor executes instructions, it follows or performs a series of instructions, known as a program or software
A processor's speed is often determined by the number of instructions it can perform in one second.
Larger numbers and units generally result in a faster and more powerful processor.
"Multi-core" processors contain multiple processing units in a single package, making them more powerful than "single-core" processors.
Central Processing Unit
The part of the computer that processes
data and follows instructions.
Execute
To follow or perform an instruction.
Software
A set of instructions to perform specific
tasks on a computer.
Secondary Storage
Stores large amounts of data that will not be lost when the
power supply is interrupted
Stores large amounts of data without power supply interruption.
Cheaper and more efficient than RAM.
Non-volatile, ensuring data remains even without power supply.
Ideal for physically transporting data from one computer to another.
Slower in speed compared to RAM.
Processor doesn't directly access secondary storage data; instead, necessary data is copied to RAM.
Data bus
Transports data between memory and processor; bi-directional
Address bus
Transports required memory location from processor to
memory; uni-directional
Input
Data or instructions that the computer receives
Output
Intermediate or final results produced by the computer; usually
in the form of processed data
