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(Biology, Lipids, Proteins, Cell Surfaces & Junctions, Carbohydrates,…
Biology
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→ Scientific Process
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→ Scientific Theory (Broad, Evidence-Based)
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→ Chemistry of Life
→ Elements, Atoms, and Compounds
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→ Trace Elements (Fe, I, F)
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- Fats (triglycerides): Energy storage
- Phospholipids: Cell membranes
- Steroids: Hormones (cholesterol base)
- Hydrophobic, not true polymers
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- Function: Enzymes, transport, defense, communication, etc.
- Structure: 4 levels (primary → quaternary)
- Shape = Function → misfolding causes disease (e.g., sickle cell)
- Cell Surfaces & Junctions
- Plant Cell Wall: Cellulose
- Extracellular Matrix (Animal cells): Structure, signaling
- Junctions: Tight, Anchoring, Gap
- Plasmodesmata: Plant cell channels
- Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose)
- Polymer: Polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
- Function: Short-term energy, structure (cellulose in plants)
- Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base)
- DNA & RNA → store, transmit, express genetic info
- Gene expression = DNA → RNA → protein
- Nucleus: DNA, control center
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis (free & bound)
- ER (smooth = lipids, rough = proteins)
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- Light Microscopy: Living cells (~1000x)
- Electron Microscopy (SEM/TEM): Ultrastructure (~10 million x)
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotes: Simpler, no nucleus (bacteria, archaea)
- Eukaryotes: Complex, membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals)
- Mitochondria: Cellular respiration, ATP (Endosymbiosis theory)
- Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis in plants (Endosymbiosis theory)
- Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
- Functions: Shape, support, movement
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