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SLE334, Immune Response, Microbe Host War, Microbiota - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Fungi
      - Helminth (worms)
      - Arthopods
    - - Protozoa
  - - - Gram Inderterminant (dont respond to staining)
    - - External to it
        
        S-Layers
        
        Capsule
        
        Slime Layers
      - Types
        
        Coccus
        
        Bacillus
        
        Vibrio
        
        Coccobacillus
        
        Spirillum
        
        Spirochete
    - - Anaerobic (inorganic e- receptor)
      - Aerobic (O2 final e- receptor)
      - Anaerobic (organic H receptor, ferm)
    - - Operons (monocistronic/polycistronic)
        
        Virulence genes
        
        Genetic Variation
        
        Transformation
        
        Transduction
        
        Mobile genetic elements
        
        Bacteriophages
        
        Transposition
        
        Plasmids
        
        Conjugation
  - - - double/single stranded
      - negative/positive sense
      - RNA/DNA
      - mode of replication
      - size, strucutre, symmetry of viral particle
    - - Nucleic acid
        
        +
      - Capsid
        
        Helical
        
        Icosahedral
        
        complex
      - Naked/ Not Naked (presence of phospholipid bilayer
    - - Influenza attaches
        
        Endocytosis
        
        fusion + uncoating
        
        viral RNA enters nucleus
        
        Viral RNA makes proteins
        
        released to ECF
        
        1 more item...
      - Formation
        
        RNA Virus
        
        +ssRNA
        
        5' => 3'
        
        ready for translation
        
        -ssRNA
        
        3' => 5'
        
        RNA polymerase transcribes +ssRNA, only then => mRNA
        
        DNA virus
        
        use host enzymes for transcription of mRNA
    - - Pudding
      - Exocytosis
    - - Persistent Infection
        
        production slow rate. e.g HEP B
      - Latent Infection
        
        Not replicating, no symptoms. Triggered by stimulus, e.g stress -> Herpes
      - Lysis
        
        cell bursts after rapid reproduction (e.g Polio)
      - Tumour Formation
        
        Indirect
        
        chronic infection, inflammation, Hep B
        
        Direct
        
        oncogenes passes into host DNA
  - - - Molds
        
        Coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae
        
        Septate hyphae
      - Yeast Cells
        
        Pseudohyphae
    - - Subcutaneous mycoses
      - Deep mycoses
      - Superficial mycoses
        
        Antifungals target
        
        Echinocandins inhibit Glucans (cell wall)
        
        Ergosterol leaks
  - - - Malaria
    - - Cryptosporidium => diarrheal disease
      - infections => chronic, severe, fatal due to weakened cell-mediated immunity
    - - Mode of Transmission
        
        Vector-borne
        
        trypanosomes, Plasmodium, Leishmania & Trypanosoma cruzi
        
        Contaminated water/food
        
        Toxoplasma, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp
        
        Congenital (to foetus in utero)
        
        Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma
        
        Sexual transmission
        
        Trichomonas vaginalis
      - Locations
        
        Extracellular
        
        Blood, GI tract (Giardia), genitourinary tract (Trichomonas)
        
        Intracellular
        
        RBCs (Plasmodium), macrophages (Leishmania), epithelial cells
  - - - parasitic worms
        
        Flukes
        
        Roundworms
        
        Tapeworms
    - - 1 billion infected
      - high prevalence in low income tropical
        
        schistosomiasis 200 million
        
        neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
        
        subclinical infections or chronic disease
    - - Indirect
        
        Intermediate host
        
        Diagnostic stage = faeces + urine
        
        Infection stage = Uncooked meat/water
      - Direct
        
        No intermediate host
    - - eating larvae meat
      - skin penetration (larval)
      - swallowing eggs/larvae
      - Bite of infected blood feeding vector
    - - Protective outer surface
      - Tough collagenous cuticle
      - Shedding antigenic material
      - Host molecule masking
      - Immune supression
  - - - Sporadic CJD
        
        Characteristics
        
        No immune response/inflammatory response
        
        Slow replication (35+ years)
        
        Cannot be cultured in vivo
        
        <100nm
        
        No nucleic acid genome
        
        resistant (heat, disinfectant, irradiation)
    - - Normal protein = PcP^C
        
        Interact
        
        produces more
        
        PrP^Sc
        
        this forms
        
        amyloid fibrils + plaques
        
        1 more item...
      - Infectious = PrP^Sc
    - - BSE
      - vCJD
      - Scrapie
        
        Host
        
        cows
        
        Transmission
        
        Within flocks
        
        From infected sheep offal (food)
        
        From consuming BSE-infected cows
        
        humans
        
        sheep
        
        infects sheep
    - - Prion protein gene = PRNP chromosome 20
      - codon 129 polymorphism
        
        homozygous
        
        high risk symptomatic infection
        
        heterozygous
        
        less risk
    - - ❌
      - supportive care only
        
        PRN100 monoclonal antibody MAYBE
    - - Post-mortem brain biopsy
      - Genetic testing(PRNP)
      - Tonsil biopsy
      - MRI
      - RT-QUIC assay
      - Clinical signs
- - - - Pasteur produced the first vaccine by growing B. anthracis at elevated temperatures
        
        cycle
        
        Spores in soil ingested by ruminants who are handled by humans
  - - - Gram positive
        
        Aerobic or facultative anaerobic
        
        rod-shaped
  - - - spores germinate lymph nodes
        
        widened mediastinum
    - - contaminated meat
    - - papule => vesicle => black eschar
    - - deep tissue
    - - Antibiotics
        
        supportive care
      - Diagnosis
        
        PCR
        
        Gram stain (+ rods)
- - - - Antibody production (plasma cells)
      - Antigen presentation (MHC II)
      - Memory B cells
    - - CD4+ Helper T Cells (MHC II)
        
        Th1: IFNγ, IL-2 (intracellular bacteria)
        
        Th2: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (parasites, allergies)
        
        Th17: IL-17, IL-22 (fungi, extracellular bacteria)
        
        Treg: IL-10, TGF-β (immunosuppression)
      - CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells (MHC I): perforin, granzymes, FasL
- - - - skin wound
      - defense impaired
        
        free run
      - microbial penetration
      - arthopod biting
        
        skin
    - - Mouth
      - Conjunctiva
      - Respiratory
      - Anus
  - - - Avoid Complement
        
        Prevent attachment of MAC
        
        Capsule
        
        Blocking of C3b on surface
      - Avoid Phagocytosis
        
        Toxin release
        
        Protein inhibition
        
        Capsule prevents contact
    - - Concealment of AGs
        
        Fc reigion exposed upside down
      - Antigenic Variation
        
        Mutation (Drift)
        
        small mutations in Ags
        
        slow
        
        Recombination (Shift)
        
        multiple viruses reassort (pandemic)
        
        quick
      - Microbial interference
        
        Microbe w/ superantigen Induces cytokine storms
  - - - random event/diffrentiation => growth/shedding
  - - - no. microbes needed for infection
        10 dystenteria v.s 10^6 salmonella
      - no. microbes shed
  - - - fecal-oral
      - veneral
      - zoonoses
      - sneeze
    - - horizontal (person to person) flu
      - Vertical (parents to offspring) e.g.Hep B
- - - - Symptoms
        
        upper respiratory tract
        
        rhinorrhea/ fever/ lethargy
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Treatment
      - Virulence/Evasion
        
        Haemagglutinin
        
        endocytosis
        
        Neuraminidase
        
        spread
      - Transmission Route
        
        direct/droplets/aerosol
      - Pathogenesis
        
        binds to surface molecules, activates immune response, epithelial damage + secretion of fluid containing inflammatory mediators => symptoms