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Chapter Notes: Physiological Psychology, measures brain activity by…
Chapter Notes: Physiological Psychology
Neurons
Vocab Terms
(I need to retouch on)
Electrostatic pressure
The force on two ions with similar charge to repel each other; the force of two ions with opposite charge to attract to one another.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
A depolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more positive and move towards the threshold of excitation.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and move away from the threshold of excitation.
Threshold of excitation
Specific membrane potential that the neuron must reach to initiate an action potential.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and move away from the threshold of excitation.
Resting membrane potential
The voltage inside the cell relative to the voltage outside the cell while the cell is a rest (approximately -70 mV).
Ionotropic receptor
Ion channel that opens to allow ions to permeate the cell membrane under specific conditions, such as the presence of a neurotransmitter or a specific membrane potential.
Sodium-potassium pump
An ion channel that uses the neuron’s energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to pump three Na+ ions outside the cell in exchange for bringing two K+ ions inside the cell.
Spines
Protrusions on the dendrite of a neuron that form synapses with terminal buttons of the presynaptic axon.
electrochemical communication
Structure of the Neuron
3 main components
soma
dendrites
axons
3 main categories of Neurons
unipolar
Bipolar
multipolar
Types of Cells in the Brain
motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons
The Brain and Nervous System
Previous Knowledge
In charge of all voluntary and involuntary bodily functions
communicates with the body to perform functions
Brain is constantly changing through life//
nueroplasticity
Greys Anatomy has not been very helpful
Vocab Terms
(I need to retouch on)
Myelin Sheath
Fatty tissue, that insulates the axons of the neurons; myelin is necessary for normal conduction of electrical impulses among neurons.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI):
A neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in oxygen levels in the blood.
Synaptic Gap
Also known as the synaptic cleft; the small space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine, axon, or soma.
Occipital Lobe
The back most (posterior) part of the cerebrum; involved in vision.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A neuroimaging technique that measures electrical brain activity via multiple electrodes on the scalp.
Parietal Lobe
The part of the cerebrum between the frontal and occipital lobes; involved in bodily sensations, visual attention, and integrating the senses.
Corpus Callosum
The thick bundle of nerve cells that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and allow them to communicate.
Synapses
Junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite, axon, or soma of another postsynaptic neuron.
Broca’s Area
An area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. Implicated in language production.
Contralateral
Literally “opposite side”; used to refer to the fact that the two hemispheres of the brain process sensory information and motor commands for the opposite side of the body (e.g., the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body).
Temporal Resolution
A term that refers to how small a unit of time can be measured; high temporal resolution means capable of resolving very small units of time; in neuroscience it describes how precisely in time a process can be measured in the brain.
Parts of the Brain
Brain Stem
Limbic System
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Parietal Lobe
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobe
Peripheral Nervous System
How We Study the Brain
Pet Scan
Allows us to see what part of the brain is being used at rest
Both have poor temporal resolution
fMRI
DOI
uses light properties to see when and where brain activity is occuring
High temporal and spatial resolution
EEG
poor spatial resolution
measures brain activity by increased oxygen level
Doesn't require a foreign substance to be injected
measures electrical brain activity
