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Chapter 9, Chapter 10 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 9
Respiration Types and Energy Carriers
Aerobic Respiration
Requires oxygen (O2).
Anaerobic Respiration
Does not require oxygen.
Fermentation
Partial degradation of sugars without oxygen.
NADH and FADH2
High-energy electron carriers in cellular respiration.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Involves the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) + Chemiosmosis.
Main source of ATP production in cells.
Basic Concepts of Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation
Losing electrons
"OIL" = Oxidation Is Losing
Reduction
Gaining electrons
"RIG" = Reduction Is Gaining
Cellular Respiration Overview
Cellular Respiration
Often refers to aerobic respiration but includes anaerobic as well
Stages
Glycolysis: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation + Citric Acid Cycle: Complete glucose breakdown to CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation: ETC and chemiosmosis synthesize most ATP
Fermentation and Anaerobic Life
Alcohol fermentation: Pyruvate → Ethanol (2 ATP net)
Lactic acid fermentation
In fermentation, an organic molecule (like pyruvate or acetaldehyde) acts as the final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
Obligate Anaerobes
Cannot survive in presence of oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen, switching between fermentation and respiration.
Chapter 10
Calvin Cycle and Plant Types
Calvin Cycle
3 turns produce 1 G3P molecule.
2 G3P molecules combine to form 1 glucose molecule.
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
2 turns break down 1 glucose molecule (relates to cellular respiration).
Plant Types
C3 Plants: Most common type of plants with standard carbon fixation.
C4 Plants
Specialized photosynthetic pathway to improve carbon fixation efficiency, especially in water-limited conditions.
Examples: Corn, sugar cane.
CAM Plants
Close their stomata at night to conserve water.
Light and Pigments
Visible Light
Electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths from about 380 to 740 nm.
Photons
Particles of light energy
Spectrophotometers
Instruments that measure how well pigments absorb different wavelengths.
Absorption Spectrum
Graph showing a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.
Basic Concepts and Organisms
Photosynthesis
Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Photosystem II (PSII)
Absorbs light best at 680 nm.
Photosystem I (PSI)
Absorbs light best at 700 nm.
Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food (do not eat other organisms).
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.