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Chapter 19: Viruses, Chapter 27: Bacteria & Archaea - Coggle Diagram

- - - - capsomeres (subunits)
  - - - double-stranded (ds) or single stranded (ss)
  - - - glycoproteins bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell
- - - - mutations spread quickly (genetic diversity)
  - - - gram-positive
        
        purple
        
        more peptidoglycan
        
        both can have a capsule (capsule = well-structured/ slime layer = loosely-structured; both removed easily)
      - gram-negative
        
        pink
        
        less peptidoglycan
        
        outer membrane (impedes antibiotics from entering)
        
        tends to be more resistant against antibiotics
- - - - F+ (has the pili to donate its DNA to an F-)
      - F- (can become F+/ recipient)
      - chromosome (Hfr cells)
        
        high frequency of recombination
- - - - require O2 for cellular respiration
    - - poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation or use substances other than O2 for anaerobic respiration
    - - can switch between both aerobic and anaerobic states
      - yeast
  - - - some prokaryotes convert atmospheric
        nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
      - isolated in cells called
        heterocysts (prevent oxygen penetration)
  - - - problematic for humans (form on medical devices/ surfaces)
      - surface-coating colonies
      - advanced structures of capsules/ slime layer
      - keep bacteria from drying out