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Chapters 14 & 15 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
    - - A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
    - - A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.
  - - - An offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.
    - - An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.
    - - The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
  - - - An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
    - - A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
  - - - An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.
    - - A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
    - - Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
    - - Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
    - - A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.
  - - - A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
    - - An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.
    - - An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.
- - - - Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
        
        For example, a plant with purple flowers is true-breeding if the seeds produced by self-pollination in successive generations all give rise to plants that also have purple flowers.
    - - In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
    - - P generation
        
        The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. (P stands for parental.)
      - F1 generation
        
        The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.
      - F2 generation
        
        The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation.
  - - - Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
        
        Today, we can relate this concept to chromosomes and DNA
      - dominant allele
        
        An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
      - recessive allele
        
        An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
    - - Mendel’s first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
    - - A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
  - - - An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene (encoding a character).
    - - Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
    - - An organism that has two different alleles for a gene (encoding a character).
    - - Having two different alleles for a given gene.
    - - The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
      - genotype
        
        The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
      - testcross
        
        Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
  - - - An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
      - monohybrid cross
        
        A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).
    - - An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb
      - dihybrid cross
        
        A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).
  - - - The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
    - - The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
    - - The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.