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Chapter 14 and 15 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pea‑plant characters (flower color, seed shape, etc.)
        
        True‑breeding -> hybridization (P, F1, F2)
    - - Allele pairs separate during gamete formation
        
        Monohybrid 3 : 1 phenotype ratio
    - - Allele pairs on different chromosomes assort independently
        
        Dihybrid 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio
  - - - Multiplication rule (AND) – combine independent events
        
        Example: 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 for double‑recessive
      - Addition rule (OR) – mutually exclusive events
        
        Example: P(heterozygous) = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2
    - - Complete dominance
        
        Pea seed shape (round > wrinkled)
      - Incomplete dominance
        
        Snapdragon red × white -> pink
      - Codominance
        
        MN blood group – both glycoproteins expressed
    - - ABO blood group (IA, IB, i)
        
        Codominant IA/IB -> AB type
      - Pleiotropy: sickle‑cell, cystic fibrosis – one gene, many traits
- - - - Morgan’s fruit‑fly white‑eye mutant on X chromosome
        
        Evidence genes reside on chromosomes
      - Sex determination
        
        the SRY gene on Y chromosome -> testes
    - - X‑linked recessive traits
        
        Color blindness, hemophilia, DMD
      - X‑inactivation
        
        Barr body, mosaic females, XIST gene
    - - Linked genes on same chromosome
        
        Parental > recombinant frequency
      - Crossing‑over breaks linkage
        
        Map units (cM)  = 1 % recombination
  - - - Nondisjunction -> aneuploidy
        
        Trisomy 21 (Down), XXY (Klinefelter), XO (Turner)
      - Polyploidy (3n, 4n) common in plants
    - - Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
        
        Cri‑du‑chat (del 5p) // CML (Philadelphia translocation)
    - - Parent‑specific expression
        
        Igf2 – paternal allele active
    - - Mitochondrial DNA – maternal inheritance
        
        Disorders: LHON, mitochondrial myopathy