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Chapter 9 & 10 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 9 & 10
cellular respiration
The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
aerobic respiration
A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP
fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
redox reactions
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction.
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NAD plus
The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept electrons, becoming NADH. NADH temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration.
NADH
The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide that temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain.
acetyl CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
cytosomes
An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
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citric acid cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide
chemiosmosis
ATP synthase
A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work,
fermentation
glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate or derivatives of pyruvate. The can then be reused to oxidize sugar by glycolysis, which nets two molecules of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD-plus and releasing carbon dioxide.
lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD plus with no release of carbon dioxide.
obligate anaerobes
An organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.
facultative anaerobes
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.
photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds;
autotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.
heterotrophs
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them
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stomata
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
thylakoids
Suspended within the stroma is a third membrane system, made up of sacs
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photophosphorylation
The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis,
carbon fixation
The initial incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism
nature of sunlight
wavelength
The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
electromagnetic spectrum
The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
visible light
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 740 nm.
photons
A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.
absorption spectrum
The range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a graph of such a range.
types of pigments
chlorophyll a
A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.
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action spectrum
A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.
carotenoids
An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes