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chapter 8 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
        cannot be created or destroyed
        
        The first law is also called the principle of
        conservation of energy
- - - - the products store less free
        energy than the reactants
        
        Because ΔG is negative, exergonic reactions occur
        spontaneously
- - - - Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis, the addition of a water molecule
      - The energy does not come directly from the phosphate bonds, but from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy in the products
    - - Cellular work (mechanical, transport, and chemical)
        is powered by ATP hydrolysis
        
        In the cell, energy from the exergonic hydrolysis of
        ATP is used to drive endergonic reactions
    - - ATP is regenerated by addition of a phosphate
        group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
        
        Free energy needed to phosphorylate ADP comes
        from exergonic breakdown reactions (catabolism)
        
        The shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy is called the ATP cycle; it couples energy-yielding processes to energy-consuming ones
  - - - Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic
  - - - The recipient molecule, a phosphorylated intermediate, is more reactive (less stable, with more free energy) that the original molecule
- - - - energy associated with motion
    - - the kinetic energy associated
        with random movement of atoms or molecules
      - Thermal energy in transfer from one object to
        another is called heat
      - Light is another type of energy that can be
        harnessed to do work, such as photosynthesis
    - - energy that matter possesses
        because of its location or structure
      - Molecules possess energy due to the arrangement
        of electrons in bonds between their atoms
    - - potential energy available for
        release in a chemical reaction
      - Complex molecules, such as glucose, are high in chemical energy because energy is released as they are broken down to simpler products