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Chapter 11 Summary: Differentiating Math, Science and Social Studies…
Chapter 11 Summary:
Differentiating Math, Science and Social Studies Instruction
Differentiating Math Instruction
Focus Instruction and use a problem-solving approach
Math instruction = understanding math, thinking & reasoning mathematically, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating evidence
Think, reason, and communicate mathematically to become problem solvers
Less focus on concepts and topics, but a stronger focus on progression of mastery and alignment of topics across grade levels
Conceptual understanding, problem-solving, developing math fluency, data interpretation, logical reasoning, and application
Help students develop their math facts and procedural skills
Helps students develop foundational skills needed to solve problems in more creative ways
Utilize explicit instruction with learning activities that embed opportunities to practice, modeling, and feedback
May need to vary the instructional sequence depending on student need
Match instruction to error patterns, misconceptions, and knowledge gaps
Promote mastery and automaticity using games and technology (emphasis on multiple opportunities to respond)
Supplement instruction by providing systematic and repeated instructional prompts, feedback, and real-life applications of math
Visually based and concrete materials to teach math skills
Present math appropriately
CRA
= concrete, representational, then abstract for teacher modeling and student practice
Use think aloud, opportunities to practice, use of aids/drawings, learning activities to develop proficiency, and word problems
Connect math to real-world situations and problems that are familiar and meaningful for them
Ethnomathematics - connecting math to students' cultural backgrounds and world cultures
Promote math literacy and proficiency by teaching academic language, vocabulary, and symbols
Technical math vocabulary (rectangle), sub technical math vocabulary (product), general math vocabulary (negative numbers), symbolic math vocabulary (infinity)
Use a variety of teaching aids
Deepen number sense and understanding of basic, abstract, and symbolic concepts
Use manipulatives that are age and culturally appropriate
Either physical or digital
Make sure to model how to use the tool and give students opportunities to use a variety of manipulatives to promote generalization
Use visuals to discuss and visualize math computations, ideas, concepts, and solutions
Form of diagrams, drawings, graphic organizers or graphing calculators, tablets, and handheld devices
Students should be encouraged to visually portray their solutions to math problems
Use technology and multimedia
Provide visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli that can foster learning, embed interactive activities and simulations into instruction
Certain programs and websites offer engaging learning experiences, immediate feedback, and prompts to enhance performance
Calculators give students the ability to learn, retrieve, and self-check computation facts to promote independence and math exploration
Use a variety of instructional approaches
Peer-mediated instruction allows students to work in groups to deepen their understanding, learn from each other, and share their thinking with others
Promotes a positive class environment and appreciation of multiple perspectives
Individualize instruction based on problem recognition, problem definition, and problem comprehension to support problem-solving abilities
Teach students the skills needed to pick apart word problems
Model, teach, and prompt students to estimate and check answers
Students can create graphic representations of word problem to determine important information, problem type, and guidance for solving (schema-based instruction)
Paraphrasing, math frames, and story grammars to identify problem type and solve word problems
Model how to highlight important information read in the problem and use questioning, prompts, and feedback to indicate unknown information
Self-management techniques and learning strategies to help students follow math procedures and engage in multi-step problems
Can support math fact and computation skills
Think aloud the math process and procedures explicitly to demonstrate the new strategy and steps used to solve the problem
Anchor charts, flip charts, and cue cards help remind students of complex strategies, provide examples of problems, and present math terms/facts/symbols in student-friendly language
Provide practice and feedback, use assessments to guide future teaching
Involve students within the assessment process by allowing them to set goals and identify strategies and materials that can be useful to their goal completion
Student utilizes think aloud to process their errors and self-correct
Make data-based decisions about effectiveness of practices and strategies to make adjustments to future teaching
Help students improve their math skills by using research-based, culturally responsive, and universally designed practices, progress monitoring, and a focused, hands-on, engaging, and interactive curriculum to develop math thinking and skills
Differentiating Science & Social Studies Instruction
Develop critical thinking, problem solving, self-expression, content knowledge, ability to use informational text, communicate persuasively, analyze evidence, use technology and work collaboratively
Explicitly teach academic vocabulary and language
Use peer-mediated instruction, visuals, and text comprehension strategies to promote understanding
Selecting appropriate text-based instructional materials
Teach students how to use text-based instructional materials
Use study guides to note take and engage in reading
Types of study guides: framed outline, point-of-view reading guide, interactive reading guide, learning-from-text guide, textbook activity guide, and reading road map
Review and explain functions of and interrelationships among material's components and elements
Help evaluate information by thinking about author's purpose, reasoning connections, and biased evidence
Determine how text structures and styles are used to present content: enumeration, time order, compare and contrast, cause and effect, and problem solution
How to select text-based instructional materials
Determine readability level
Evaluate accuracy, depth, and relevance of content, diversity, cultural representations, structure, organization, coherence, visual supports, features, and opportunities for practice
Address background knowledge, use real-world applications, and give opportunities for reflection
Use of digital and physical texts
Digital texts typically have accommodation supports for students with visual and reading difficulties
Digital texts also have built in language supports, digital materials to support comprehension, motivating extensions, and note taking features
Adapted textbooks and parallel alternative curriculum
On-grade textbook with lower readability level and supplemental materials to address student strengths and challenges
Align with curriculum standards, support instructional program, diverse, appropriate for students, foster learning
Content Enhancements:
strategies that help students identify, organize, understand, and remember important content and generalize their learning to a range of situations
Advance and post organizers: written or oral statements, activities, technology-based tasks, and illustrations that offer a framework for determining, understanding, and organizing essential information
Use graphic organizers to identify key terms and determine interrelationships between concepts
Identify, sequence, and organize important information
Types of graphic organizers: central and hierarchical, directional, and comparative
Semantic webs: provide visual depiction of important points and concepts, as well as the relationships between them
Anticipation guides: advance organizer that introduces new content by having them respond to teacher-generated statements or questions about the material
Analyze text, determine main points, paraphrase main points into student-friendly language statements, present statements, discuss predictions and responses to statements, compare responses with text information
Concept mastery routines: present new concepts in form of concept diagram containing the relevant characteristics of concept
Masted concepts are used to teach students new and difficult concepts
Teachers use concept comparison routines to explore examples from same category
Question exploration routine: giving students a one-page question exploration guide, providing text-based prompts and space to answer critical questions, key terms and definitions, and supporting questions and answers
Inquiry-based activities help students formulate questions and collect, evaluate, and communicate evidence to develop their knowledge
Offer a variety of active educational experiences that engages students within the learning cycle
Hands-on and multisensory experiences and materials to explore content and establish abstract concepts
Interdisciplinary theme: critical topics, concepts, issues, problems, experiences, or principles that organize, interrelate, and apply information to make meaningful connections to student lives
Centered around an essential question that is open-ended, inquiry based, relevant, addresses foundational concepts, engage students in interdisciplinary concepts, and offer levels of engagement and assessment
Project and Problem-based learning can promote learning, motivation, and value social studies, science, and math
Utilize background knowledge and open-ended issues/problems to have students buy in to the learning
Students investigate social problems/issues and real-life situations
Try to link curriculum to cultural universals (needs and experiences existing in all cultures but vary between them)
Highlight cultural and language backgrounds, culturally diverse practical applications, and connections to student lives and community problems
Foster social responsibility (well-being of others and the environment) to encourage social consciousness, develop interdependence, and what it means to be part of a community
Effective questioning techniques: guides and promotes critical thinking and reflection
Formative assess if students understand the content being taught or if there are misconceptions
Types of questions: literal, inferential, critical
Use questioning to differentiate instruction
Field Trips (physical and virtual) makes learning meaningful and real
Connects students to their community, provides information that school cannot, utilizes authentic and primary sources, and hands-on experiences