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Chapters 2 and 3, Communicative Competence, Fossilization, Active…
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Communicative Competence
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Looks like: A student talking in a formal and respectful manner to their school principal with proper academic grammar.. This is an example because that is the appropriate social context in which you should reply to a principal.
Also looks like two 12 year olds yelling "skibidi ohio rizz" at each other while playing Roblox. This is an example because this is probably how two 6th graders talk to each other in the social context of Roblox.
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Also does not look like: Two teenage boys talking in a formal and respectful manner with proper academic grammar while playing Roblox.
This is a non example because two teenage boys do not talk to each other like this in the social context of Roblox.
Fossilization
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Errors that have become a permanent part of the learner's new language. It is way more common in older language learners. However, most of the time their speech can be understood.
Examples: A Russian babushka continues not to use articles as a part of their English, since “a”, “an”, and “the” do not appear in Russian. This is an example because she keeps the grammar of the first language and does not adjust her grammar to meet that of the new langauge.
Example #2: A elderly Chinese man migrates to America. Despite learning the language and having good written grammar, he maintains his accent which makes him harder to understand. This is included in fossilization because phonetical fossilization is a part of fossilization.
Non-example: Speaking the language you are learning as a native speaker would. This is a non example because no errors.
Non-Example#2: The person being able to adjust their accent to match that of the language being used. This is a non example because keeping your old accent is a part
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Restorative Practices
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A form of action used to address disciplinary issues. It aims at building relations with people and the community through dialogue and understanding
Non-example: Beating a student with a ruler for talking in class. This is not a restorative practice because it aims to punish instead of addressing the root cause. It is also illegal.
Non-example #2: Giving the student a pack of candy and sending him back to class. This does not involve talking to the student and having him understand why what he did was wrong or repair the relationship.
Example: A conference with the student and their parent to figure out what is troubling little Johnny. This is a restorative practice because it is involving multiple community members trying to help the student out and get to the root of the problem.
Example #2: Having the student check in with a teacher or other trusted staff member before school if they child has shown previous problems. This is an example because the adult is building a relationship with the child and trying to assist them before another problem can start.
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