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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell
Microscopy & Cell Structure
Light Microscope
Def -Uses visible light and lenses to magnify specimens.
Total Magnification = ocular lens × objective lens
Magnification - Ratio of image size to actual size.
Resolution - Clarity of the image.
Contrast - Difference in brightness between areas of a sample.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
3D surface imaging with electron beam.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Internal structure imaging via electrons passing through.
Cell Fractionation - Breaks apart cells and separates organelles for study.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
No membrane-bound organelles
DNA in nucleoid region
Cell wall = peptidoglycan
Eukaryotic
Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Larger and more complex
Cell wall (if present):
Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi)
Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable; small nonpolar molecules pass easily.
Volume increases faster than surface area as a cell grows.
Organelles & Their Functions
Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells performing specific tasks.
Nucleus
Stores genetic material (DNA)
Chromosomes: DNA + proteins
Chromatin: DNA in uncondensed form
Chromatid: Half of a duplicated chromosome
Nucleolus: Produces rRNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER: Makes lipids, detoxifies, stores calcium
Rough ER: Has ribosomes, makes glycoproteins, sends vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, modifies, and ships proteins ("UPS of the cell")
Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes, breaks down waste ("trash can")
Vacuoles
Storage; large in plants, small in animals
Peroxisomes
Detoxifies substances, creates hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration, makes ATP
Chloroplasts
plants only): Photosynthesis
Thylakoids: Stacked membranes (granum)
Stroma: Internal fluid
Cell Movement, Structure, and Communication
Components that support cell shape, movement, and intercellular communication.
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules: Cell shape, chromosome movement
Microfilaments: Muscle contraction, movement
Intermediate Filaments: Structural support
Centrosomes: Organize microtubules
Cilia & Flagella: Cell movement
Pseudopodia: Amoeboid movement
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Network outside animal cells, made of glycoproteins for structure and signaling.
Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions: Seal cells together; prevent leakage (e.g., brain)
Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions; resist tearing (e.g., skin)
Gap Junctions: Channels between cells for communication (e.g., neurons)