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Ecology (What is it, why study it?) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - long term effects
        
        character displacement & resource partitioning
      - short term effects
        
        competitive exclusion
  - - - process
      - prey adaptations
    - - challenges
        
        structural
        
        chemical
        
        repellents
        
        hormonal
        
        toxins
        
        predator swamping
        
        crypsis
    - - host responses
        
        succumb
        
        sterility
        
        biochem responses
        
        abnormal growth
        
        behavioural changes
        
        counter (immune response/other animals help get rid)
      - benefits?
- - - - Simpson's reciprocal index
      - Shannon-Weiner Index
    - - climatic stability (tropics)
        
        affects evolutionary time
      - primary productivity
      - structural heterogeneity
      - disturbance
        (scale, severity, frequency, type)
        
        intermediate disturbane hypothesis
      - geographic area
        
        a bit sus to use on tropic area, to explain for tropics, another source js refers to climatic stability, NPP and niche conservatism hypothesis
        
        larger region theory talks about bigger pop size and more niches + more physical isolating barriers for speciation -> this would work for large v small continents/islands
        
        geographic patterns of diversity
        
        islands (equilibrium theory of island biogeography)
        
        lattitudes (go back to tropical thingy)
        
        ecotones (boundaries btwn two distinct habitats (support species from both + additional species living in the intermediate)
      - role of species
        
        biotic interactions (pos cycle!)
        
        predation
        
        competition
        
        keystone, dominant, foundation species & ecosystem engineers
- - - - how to measure?
        
        direct sampling
        
        indirect mark and recapture (assumptions)
    - - what is age structure
      - how to measure?
        
        survivorship curve
        
        life tables
        
        pop pyramid
    - - sex ratio (4 types) or percentage sex
    - - hyperdispersed: characteristics? causes?
      - aggregated: causes?
      - rrandom: causes?
      - what are the benefits and tradeoffs of being in a group vs solitary?
      - how to measure?
        
        quadrats (scale matters!)
  - - - density dependent
        
        Extrinsic
        
        predation
        
        food supply
        
        parasitism
        
        intrinsic
        
        stress, territorialism, genetic mutations
        
        dispersal
      - density independent
        
        abiotic fators (changing of phys envi)
    - - logistic growth (K)
      - exponential: continuous generations in abundant resources
        
        examples in nature: primary forest, establishments of new envi, exploitation of fav conditions and recovery from exploitation
      - geometric: discrete generations in abundant resources