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Chapter 6 - Tour of Cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D
    - - focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
- - - - Archaea
      - Bacteria
- - - - encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
        
        The nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina, which is composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus
- - - - membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
    - - – Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
        
        – Synthesizes lipids
        
        – Detoxifies drugs and poisons
        
        – Stores calcium ions
      - – Rough ER, whose surface is studded with ribosomes
        
        Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
        (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
        
        Distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins
        surrounded by membrane
        
        Is a membrane factory for the cell
    - - The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened
        membranous sacs called cisternae
        
        – Modifies products of the ER
        
        – Manufactures certain macromolecules
        
        – Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
    - - a membranous sac of hydrolytic
        enzymes that can digest macromolecules
    - - large vesicles derived from the ER
        and Golgi apparatus
    - - flexible structure that surrounds all cells, separating their internal environment (cytoplasm) from the outside world (extracellular space)
- - - - – Primary cell wall: Relatively thin and flexible, secreted first
      - – Middle lamella: Thin layer between primary walls, containing polysaccharides called pectins
      - – Secondary cell wall (in some cells): Added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
- - - - – Microtubules are the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
        
        Microtubules are hollow rods about 25 nm in
        diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
        
        .
        
        – Shaping the cell
        
        – Guiding movement of organelles
        
        – Separating chromosomes during cell division
      - – Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are the thinnest components
        
        re solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
        
        A network of microfilaments helps support the cell’s shape
      - – Intermediate filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range
        
        range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
        
        Intermediate filaments are more permanent
        cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes
- - - - Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins