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Query Structures & Searching Techniques By (232264) Shaikh Abdul Ahad …

- - - - Basic keyword search
        
        No special syntax required
        
        Case-insensitive (mostly)
    - - AND: All terms must be present
        
        OR: Any term may be present
        
        NOT: Exclude specific terms
    - - Enclose phrase in quotes: "..."
        
        Finds exact word order match
        
        Reduces irrelevant results
    - - Terms close to each other
        
        NEAR/n: Within n words
        
        WITHIN/n: Similar usage
- - - - Exact match of strings
        
        Case-sensitive or insensitive
        
        Character-by-character comparison
    - - Use of * or ? for flexible search
        
        = multiple characters (e.g., comput*)
        
        ? = single character (e.g., te?t)
    - - Advanced pattern search tool
        
        Supports symbols, ranges, repetitions
        
        Example: ^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$
    - - Measures difference between strings
        
        Count of insertions, deletions, substitutions
        
        Lower distance = more similar
- - - - Simple list of terms
        
        No structure or nesting
        
        Equal importance for all terms
    - - Nested structure of terms
        
        Reflects concept hierarchy
        
        Useful for taxonomies or categories
    - - Represented as a tree model
        
        Nodes = query components
        
        Allows branching and dependencies
    - - Assign weights to terms
        
        Indicates importance (e.g., AI^3 data^1)
        
        Higher weight = more influence on ranking
- - - - SQL for relational databases
        
        XQuery for XML data
        
        Formal, rule-based syntax
    - - Use predefined schema
        
        Store data in tables or tree structures
        
        Require specific query languages
    - - Increases precision of search
        
        Often used in digital libraries & databases
        
        Combines with Boolean operators
    - - Enhances filtering and sorting
        
        Common in document & media retrieval
        
        Not content-based, but descriptor-based