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Inheritance Part 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The different forms of a gene are called alleles
        
        Refer to alleles using letters as symbols (GG or Gg)
        
        Heterozygous
        
        Having 2 different alleles of a particular gene
        
        Gg
        
        Heterozygous individual will not be
        pure-breeding
        
        A cross used to try to determine the genotype of an organism showing the characteristics produced by a dominant allele; the unknown organism is crossed with one showing the recessive characteristic
        
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        Homozygous
        
        Having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
        
        GG or gg
        
        2 identical homozygous individuals
        that breed together will be pure-breeding
        
        Dominant allele
        
        An allele that is expressed if it is present
        
        Ex - G
        
        Alleles that are both expressed in the phenotype when they are both present is
        
        Codominance
        
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        Recessive allele
        
        An allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present
        
        Ex - g
      - Ex - G for grey fur and g for black fur in a cat
        
        Genotype can be
        
        Gg
        
        So your Phenotype will be
        
        Gray fur
  - - - This genetic information is transferred in gametes and each gamete only has one kind of chromosome instead of 2
        
        Standard way of showing all the steps in making predictions about the probable genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring from two parents
        
        Genetic diagrams
        
        Punnet squares
        
        Firstly, you have to write the phenotypes and genotypes of both parents
        
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        Pedigree diagrams
        
        According to the key given it is
        
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  - - - Sex chromosomes
        
        The larger of the 2 sex chromosomes
        
        X Chromosome
        
        You can work out sex inheritance in just the same way as for any other characteristic, but using the letter symbols to describe the whole chromosome
        
        The smaller of the 2 sex chromosomes
        
        Y Chromosome
        
        XY
        
        Male
        
        XX
        
        Female
        
        X and Y chromosomes do not only determine sex
        
        Sex chromosomes are not homologous pairs as the Y chromosome is tiny and only has a few genes, while X chromosome is much larger
        
        Genes that are found on a part of one of the sex chromosomes (usually the X chromosome) and not one the other sex chromosome; they therefore produce characteristics that are more common in one sex than in the other
        
        Sex - linked genes
        
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- - - - Term used to describe what happens in meiosis, where the number of chromosomes is halved
  - - - From diploid cells to haploid ones
        
        New cell gets a mixture of chromosomes from the mother and the father
        
        Meiosis produces genetic variation in the gametes and in the offspring
  - - - Secondly, homologue chromosomes separate and one from each pair goes to one daughter cell