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The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules
Types of Biological Macromolecules(compounds vital in the body)
Carbohydrates(C,H,O)
Polymers
Chitin(Found in the exoskeletons of insects)
Starch(Energy storage in plants EX Potatoes)
Glycogen(Energy storage in animals)
Found in Liver
Cellulose (Structural polysaccharide in plant cell)
Insoluble fiber(Humans cannot digest EX Corn)
Functions(immideate energy)
Lipids(Special case)(C,H,O)
Types of Lipids
Polymers
Fats
Unsaturated fats
Bent Tail,Liquid
EX Oils,Fish Oil,Vegetable oil
Trans fats
Straight Tail,Solid
EX Process Foods
Saturated fats
Straight Tail,Solid
EX Butter, Lard
Phospholipids
Head
Hydrophilic(Water Loving)
Polar
Tails
Hydrophobic(Water Fearing)
Non Polar
Steroids
Cholesterol
Sex Hormones
Testostrone
Estrogen
Functions(Energy Storage, Insulation,Cell Membrane)
Proteins(C,H,O,N)
Monomers
20 different amino acids
R Group(Variable side chain)
2 types of proteins
Fibrous(Structural EX collagen)
Globular(Functional EX hemoglobin)
Sickle Cell(caused by wrong amino)
Denature(Breaking down protein to primary stage)
Structure of Proteins
Primary
the exact sequence of amino acids in a chain
Secondary
local folds like alpha helices and beta sheets
Tertiary
the full 3D shape of one polypeptide chain
Quanteary
when multiple polypeptides join to form the final protein
Functions(Enzymes, transport, defense, signaling)
Nucleic Acids(C,H,O,N,P)
Polymers
DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Deoxyribose
Base Types
Purines(A&G)
Pyrimidines(C,T,U)
Gene Wheel
Gene
Geonomics(Geonomics Study of all Genes)
Bioninfomatics(use of computers to analyze biological data)
phylogenetic tree
Function(Store Genetic Info)
Processes and Properties Related to Macromolecules
Dehydration Synthesis(Joins monomers to build polymers)
Anabolic(Using energy)
Hydrolysis(Breaks polymers into monomers)
Catabolic(Releasing Energy)
Isomers(same chemical formula but different structures or spatial arrangements)
Structural Isomers(Same atoms, but different connectivity.)
Cis–Trans Isomers
Cis(Substituents on the same side)
Trans(Substituents on opposite sides)
Enantiomers(Mirror-image isomers)
Enzymes
Protease(breaks proteins)
Peptide bonds
Lipase(breaks fats)
Ester bonds
Amylase(breaks starch)
Glycosidic bonds
Nuclease(breaks nucleic acids)
Phosphodiester bonds
Enzyme Functions
Enzyme(Speed up chemical reactions)
Defensive(Protect against disease)
Storage(Store amino acids or other substances)
Transport(Carry substances through the body or across membranes)
Hormones(Coordinate activities by sending signals)
Receptors(Receive and respond to signals)
Movement(Enable movement)
Support(Provide support and shape to cells and tissues)
Protein Synthesis
DNA as Blueprint
Transcription (Occurs in Nucleus)
RNA Processing (Eukaryotes only)
Translation (Occurs in Cytoplasm at Ribosomes)
Polypeptide Folding & Modification
Final Destination
mRNA ➝ Protein
5' cap and poly-A tail added
DNA ➝ mRNA
Contains instructions for protein construction