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English 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
      - Negative: Subject + had not (hadn’t) + past participle
      - Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle?
  - - - Emphasizes one action before another past action
      - Form: had + past participle
      - Example: She had left before I arrived.
    - - Describes completed actions at a specific time
      - Form: verb in past tense
      - Example: She left after I arrived.
    - - Sequence vs Time: Past Perfect = order of actions; Past Simple = when something happened
        Narrative Style: Past Perfect = complex timeline; Past Simple = straightforward events
- - - - Subject + have/has + past participle
    - - base + -ed → worked
    - - memorized forms → gone, seen
    - - have/has + not + past participle → I haven't seen it
    - - Have/Has + subject + past participle? → Have you seen it?
    - - Action happened at an unspecified time
      - Relevance to the present → I have lost my keys
      - Often used with: ever, never, just, already, yet
  - - - Unspecified time
        
        Characteristic
      - Focus: result or connection to present
      - I have read that book
  - - - Specific time in past
      - Focus: when it happened
      - I read that book last year
  - - - Just: very recently → She has just left
      - Already: before expected → He has already eaten
      - Yet: expected (used in negatives/questions) → Have you finished yet?
      - Ever: at any time → Have you ever been to Paris?
      - Never: at no time → I have never seen snow
  - - - Have/Has + subject + past participle?
    - - Yes, I have / Yes, I have done it
    - - No, I haven't / No, I haven’t done it yet
- - - - Modal + have + past participle
        Example: She might have forgotten her keys.
- - - - duration
        
        example
        
        She has lived here for 10 years
  - - - starting point
        
        example
        
        He has worked here since 2010
- - - - Alternatives
        
        To + verb: Stir to avoid burning.
        
        -ing phrase: Stir constantly, avoiding burns.
        
        Prepositional phrase: Add sugar for sweetness.
  - - - Focuses on the goal/result
      - More informal
      - Common in speaking
    - - Focuses on the action taken
      - More formal
      - Common in writing
- - - - Form
        
        Subject + will have + past participle
        
        Use in Sentences
        
        Talk about something completed before another future event or time.
        Express expectations about what will be done by a future moment.
        
        Time expressions often used
        
        by the time, before, by next year, by then
        
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