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PSYCHOTHERAPIES - Coggle Diagram
PSYCHOTHERAPIES
Humanistic, Existential, and Other Psychotherapies
Humanistic = Perrson-centered, Personal Construct, Gestalt
Existential, Reality, Positive Psychology, and Personal Construct Therapies
Humanistic and Existential sometimes categorized jointly (
Humanistic-Existential
)
Similarities:
both focus on
HERE AND NOW
Phenomenological orientation: prioritize subjective experience over objective reality
Reject medical model, use clinical labels, concentrate on internal qualities / perspective rather than symptoms
Differences:
HUMANISTIC: emphasize
acceptance
and
growth,
help clients become more fully-functioning / self-actualizing
EXISTENTIAL: emphasize
freedom
and
responsibility,
help clients
confront
anxieties that arise from awareness of their existential condition (and cultivate)
authentic engagement
in the world
Person/Client-Centered (Rogers)
Based on the assumption that everyone has innate drive toward
SELF-ACTUALIZATION,
i.e., achieve full potential
drive is thwarted when they experience
incongruence
between self-concept and experience
Conditions of Worth
are one source of incongruence (e.g., parents provide child with love / acceptance only when they behave in certain ways
people often
react
to incongruence
defensively
(e.g., distorting / denying) which leads to psych maladj
Primary Goal
help client become
"fully-functioning,"
not defensive,
open to new experiences,
and engaged in
self-actualization process
Facilitative (Core) conditions:
Empathy:
understanding and communicating the understanding
Unconditional Positive Regard:
valuing and accepting
Congruence:
being genuine, authentic, and honest
Existential Therapy (Yalom, May, and Frankl)
Emphasize personal
responsibility
and
choice
Assumption:
everyone must define their personal existence
psych disturbances due to
ultimate concerns
(death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness)
Neurotic Anxiety:
disproportionate, involves repression, barrier to meeting full potential
Normal (existential) Anxiety:
proportional to threat, no repression, constructive and motivates positive change.
Primary Goal:
help lead more authentic lives; "take charge," "choose values / purposes that define and guide their existence."
Most important tool:
Value authentic therapist-client relationship
Other techniques:
questioning, interpretation, and reframing
Gestalt Therapy
Assumptions:
1.) motivated to maintain
homeostasis
which is repeatedly disrupted by needs (physical / psych)
2.) seek to obtain something from enviro to satisfy needs and
restore homeostasis
Disruptions =
boundary disturbances
Introjection:
adoption of beliefs / standards / values of others w.o. evaluation or awareness
Projection:
attribution of undesirable attributes of themselves on others
Retroflection:
when people do to themselves what they'd like to do to others
Deflection:
avoid contact with the enviro
Confluence:
blurring of the distinction btwn themselves and others
Primary Curative Factor =
AWARENESS
(of thoughts, feelings, actions)
Strategies to increase:
Dream Work:
role-play parts of dream that represent disowned parts of their personality
Empty Chair Technique:
Client interacts with opposing aspects of their personality (e.g., top dog and underdog; OR resolve "unfinished business"
Difference from Psychodynamic Therapies =
DO NOT foster / interpret Transference
Rather:
Transference Fantasy vs. Reality
Reality Therapy
(Glasser)
based on
Choice Theory:
people have
5 innate needs:
Love and Belonging
Power
Fun
Freedom
Survival
How they chose to fulfil these needs determines:
Success Identity:
responsibly, positive, constructive (don't infringe on rights of others
Failure Identity:
irresponsible, negative, destructive (infringes on rights of others); don't always fulfil need.
Primary Goal:
replace Failure ID with Success ID
Wubbolding's strategies:
WDEP system
in which therapist asks about their:
W
ants / needs
what their
D
oing to foster awareness
encourage
E
valuation of behaviors
create
P
lan of action
Positive Psychology
(Seligman)
FLOW:
state of being so involved in an activity that nothing else matters; enjoyable and willing even at great cost
challenge-skill balance: both relatively high
emphasis on use of the
scientific method
to evaluate
research linked positive emos / optimism to increased longevity AND Positive Psychology Interventions to improved physical health
valued subjective experiences:
contentment / satisfaction
with the past;
optimism
for the
future;
FLOW and happiness
at
present
Personal Constru
ct
Therapy
(Kelly)
focus on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events
Proposes there are
alternatives
to change constructs to alleviate undesirable behaviors / outcomes
Personal Constructs:
bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair / unfair, friend / enemy), arise from experience, conscious or unconscious
In practice:
therapist and client work as partners to replace maladaptive personal constructs
Fixed-Role Therapy:
Help clients "try out" alternatives
Involves client
role-playing a fictional character
who construes events in alternative ways
Freudian
Core ideas:
deterministic / pessimistic
problems due to
unconscious / unresolved
childhood
Assumptions:
conflicts cause anxiety
conflicts are result of divergent demands of
id, ego, and superego
Id
relies on
pleasure principle:
immediate gratification, instinctual needs, UNCONSCIOUS/ irrational means
Instincts present at birth: Life (sex) and death (aggression) primary source of psychic energy
Ego
6 m.o
relies on
reality principle:
partially gratify id's instincts, attempts to use rational means.
Superego
internalization of society's values / standards
CONSCIOUS
attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) Id's instincts
Theory:
when Ego is unable to
rationally
resolve a conflict between Id and Superego, it resorts to a
DEFENSE MECHANISM
unconsciously
deny / distort reality
Repression
is basis of all mechanisms
keep undesirable thoughts / urges out of consciousness
Denial:
immature;
refuse to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality (e.g., ignoring, distorting, and rejecting)
Reaction Formation:
defending against unacceptable impulses by expressing their
opposites
Projection:
attributing unacceptable impulses to another person
Sublimation:
channeling unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (often admirable) endeavor
repeated reliance on these becomes maladaptive and prevents resolution of conflicts that are causing anxiety
Goals
make the unconscious conscious
strengthen Ego; make behavior based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings / urges / irrational guilt
Techniques
Primarily, analysis of
free associations (first thoughts); dreams; resistance, and transference
View of
Transference
:
not a distortion, rather client's response to therapist's actual behavior.
attempt to inspire that behavior with personal meaning
view of
countertransference
therapist's distorted response to client; when recognized and appropriately managed, is a potential source of info about client and contributor to the curative process
4 Steps
1.)
Confrontation
: help client
recognize
behaviors they're unaware of / possible cause
2.)
Clarification:
focus on behaviors; separate important details from extraneous material
3.)
Interpretation:
explicitly
linking
conscious behaviors to unconscious processes
4.)
Repeated interpretation:
leads to
catharsis
(experience of repressed emos), and insight into the
connection;
working through:
gradual
process of accepting and integrating new insights into life
Jung's
Analytical
Psychotherapy
Personality development continues through lifespan
Division of THE UNCONSCIOUS
Personal Unconscious:
forgotten / repressed memories
Collective Unconscious:
memories shared by all people; passed down by generation
Contains
Archetypes:
Universal thoughts / images, predispose people to act in similar ways under certain circumstances (e.g., myths, symbols, dreams) and include a personal, shadow, hero, and anima and animus.
expressed in Myths
behaviors are driven by positive AND negative forces; and affected by past AND future
Primary Goal:
similar to Freud, bring unconscious to conscious to facilitate
Individuation:
process of a person becoming a psychological "in-dividual" (separate, indivisible unity of whole)
Techniques:
dream interpretation
analysis of
transference,
which Jung viewed as due to projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious