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S3 Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 4 diff substituents, sp3 hybridzed
        
        chiral, non-superimposable mirror image
        
        enantiomer (2 stereoisomers containing asymmetric carbon atoms) e.g hands
        
        Diastereomer = non-superimposable non-mirror images
        
        S (counterclockwise)
        
        R (clockwise)
        
        label atoms in decreasing Mr (e.g 1=CL, O=2, H=3)
        
        1 more item...
  - - - (true if no symmetry and all stereoisomers are unique)
        
        Number(stereoisomers) = 2ⁿ, n= chiral centres
    - - chiral centres, superimposable on mirror image, not optically active, not chiral
  - - - draw line through double bond, prioritise groups directly bonded to c
        
        If high priority groups on same side = Z, opposite side = E
  - - - overlap of atomic orbitals
        
        single bond = 1σ
        double bond = 1σ+1π
        triple bond = 1σ+2π
        
        Hybridisation
        
        =
        
        steric number (σbonds + lone pairs)
      - stronger
  - - - bond between unhybridised orbitals
      - weaker
- - - - Buffer solution
        
        Weak Acid (CH3COOH)
        
        Conjugate Base (CH3COO-)
        
        Equilibrium constant for dissociation
        
        log
        
        Henderson-Hasselbalch
        
        pH < pKa → proton is still ON (protonated form dominates).
        pH > pKa → proton is OFF (deprotonated form dominates).
      - pKa + pKb = 14
        
        Ka x Kb = Kw
  - - - pKₐ = −log Kₐ
        
        High pKₐ (low Kₐ) → weaker proton donor (Strong base)
        
        Ka<<1 = weak acid
        
        Low pKₐ (high Kₐ) → stronger proton donor. (Weak base)
        
        Ka>>1 = strong acid
        
        pKa= point when proton is 50/50 still on and off the acid
        
        Ka= How strongly the acid dissociates
  - - - pH = –log[H₃O⁺]
        
        pH + pOH = 14
  - - - Strong acid + Strong base
        
        NaCl, KNO₃
    - - Strong acid + Weak base
        
        NH₄Cl, Al(NO₃)₃
    - - Weak acid + Strong base
        
        CH₃COONa, KCN
    - - Weak acid + Weak base
        
        CH3COOH(aq) + NH3(aq)
- - - - identify what you're solving for
        
        use mole ratio to convert between substances
        
        Apply any extra concepts (limiting reagent, excess, % yield, purity, etc.)
        
        Excess R= n(final) - n(initial)
        
        %yield = actual/theoretical
        
        Limiting R= compare n/coefficient for each reactant
        
        %purity= pure/total