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Philips II Problems - Coggle Diagram
Philips II Problems
Finance
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Habsburg-Valois, Turks and Protestantism wars placed financial strain
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Military campaigns (Dutch Revolt, Armada, Ottomans) were seen as Catholic crusades, straining treasury.
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Territorial
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The empire was a monarquía compuesta – a composite monarchy of separate states, each with:
Different expectations of royal authority (e.g., the Cortes in Aragon vs. Castile).
Netherlands
Major long-term crisis: Religious, political, and economic tensions led to the Dutch Revolt (from 1566).
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Resented Spanish troops, taxes, and autocratic rule.
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Charles gave the Austrian Habsburg lands (e.g., Hungary, Austria) to Ferdinand, not Philip.
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The Americans
Brought immense wealth (gold/silver), but also required naval protection and administrative control.
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Conflict with France
With Burgundian lands encircling France, Philip inherited centuries-old rivalry between Habsburgs and France.
This led to military and diplomatic tension, especially in the 1550s and 1590s (e.g., French Wars of Religion).
Military
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Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) – maintained status quo, but no clear victory.
Ottoman threat
Ongoing struggle with the Ottoman Empire, especially after the fall of Tripoli (1551).
Spain also had to defend its North African coastal possessions (e.g. Bougie, Oran, Algiers)
Religious
Protestantism
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Even after Peace of Augsburg (1555), new heresies challenged Spain's stability.
After 1558, Elizabeth’s reign represented a permanent loss of a once-Catholic ally.
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Counter reformation
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Aimed to reform clergy, eliminate heresy, and reinforce papal authority
Many parishes lacked priests, and clergy lived in poverty.
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