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OBSTETRICS (Gaudeamus) - Coggle Diagram
OBSTETRICS (Gaudeamus)
Topographic changes of the uterus
Ventral hernia
rupture of prepubic tendon and muscles of abdominal wall > swelling, edema
Inguinal hernia in bitch
painless inguinal swelling
Torsion of uterus
sow, bitch, queen: part of/single horn / others: entire uterus
Remnants of paramesonephric ducts
Retroflexion of uterus in mare
.> severe colic, foal in maternal pelvis --> per vaginam, Isoxsuprine lactate
Downward deviation of uterine in swine
downward/backward
Gestosis
Intense circulatory activity demanded by the uterus during pregnancy > vascular modifs > edemas + trials for compensation
Causes
Pregnancy edema
.> edema: cold, painless, non-inflammatory / rupture of suspensory ligaments / great fcts unmodified --> solves itself after parturition / diuretics, saline purgative
Premature efforts (false pain)
cervix still closed > agitation, colic, prolapse --> calm the female
Metrorrhagia
detachment of placenta + extravasation of blood (acc in uterus or go out) > hemorrhages, abortion --> stop hemorrhage (if coumarin: Phytomenadione)
Antepartum paraplegia
impossibility to get up with the posterior legs (bc metabo/homeostasis disorders > neuro imbalances) > decubitus lesions, amyotrophy, edema --> Catosal
Injuries + diseases consequent to parturition
Trauma
.> hypocalcemia, abomasum displacement
Postpartum hemorrhage
carnivores: natural separetion of placenta / horse + cow: in broad lig / if uterine rupture --> artery forceps for 24h / if horse umbilicus rupture --> ligation
Hematoma of the vulva
obvious round swelling of 1 lip --> natural heal / pyogenic inf / wait 3d > incise
Lacerations and contusions
at cervix, vulva > pyogenic, Fusobact. necrophorum (severe necrotic vaginitis) --> Caslick’s ope / suture
Perineal lacerations
vulva/perineum poor relax + forced traction > 3 degrees --> Stickle ope
Rupture of uterus and vagina
--> C-section + repair uterus > in few days: massage per-rectum > abdo lavage
Vaginal rupture
SI into vagina/vulva > ewe dead
Prolapse of the bladder
mostly mare --> tetanus antitoxin
Protrusion of bladder
kink of urethra > prevent micturition > bladder progressively distend w urine --> puncture w hypodermic needle to drain urine
Prolapse of perivaginal fat
over-fat heifers + small vaginal rupture --> remove fat
Prolapsus of the rectum
mostly mare --> submucous resection
Uterine prolapsus
cow>ewe>sow>mare>bitch
rum: --> Ca borogluconate, Plenderleith method for recumbent cows, oxytocin + Buhner suture for no re-prolapsus
mare: rare but life-threatening / failure of expulsion of fetal mb > evertion of horns tip > partial prolapsus of intussusception of uterine horn
sow: > quick death
bitch + queen: laparotomy or external hysterectomy
Amputation of uterus
uterus necrotic or severely traumatized
Miscarriage/Abortion
Diagnostic investigation
Necropsy +tissue collection procedures
necropsy: reddish-pink-gray tissues
Fetal mbs
Collection +handling of fresh tissues
storage (refrig: -20°C (tissues), froz: -70°C) / containers / transport (24h formalin)
Fixed specimens for histological evaluation
in neutral-buffered 10% formalin
Fetal + maternal serology
abortion: sporadic (few inf) or storms (>3 inf)
Bovine
Periparturient fetal viability + stress
prolonged parturition > orange-brown/yellow fetus + hypoxia w meconium in lungs + lung inflation + thrombosis
Infections
primary placentitis or secondary to fetal infection / hematogenous, ascending or venereal / by placenta (> amniot fluids > GI, resp or skin) or fetal mbs (> umbilical vessels > hepatic + systemic)
Lesions:
Icterus: Leptospiral infections
Fibrinous exudation: Campylobacter, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and some fungi
Fibrinous pericarditis: Bacterial (Bacillus, Campylobacter)
Dilated rounded heart w ascites: ventricular septal defects, myocardial necrosis
White streaks or foci in heart + skeletal muscles: Neospora caninum
Scattered white foci in liver: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, BHV-1
Late term fresh fetus: mucosal petechiae + generalized lymphadenopathy + splenomegaly
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)
secretions (resp, ocular and repro) > autolysis, necrosis (-> detect viral Ag, immunofluorescence, IHC staining)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
.> smaller fetus/calf, microcephaly, microphthalmia, lung + renal hypoplasia (-> virus isol, IHC staining, BVDB titer, skin ear notch biopsy)
Bluetongue Virus (BTV)
arthropods > death, hydranencephaly, encephalitis without brain malformation
Bunyavirus
teratogenic
Akabane virus
mosquitoes > congenital deformities, mummification
Valley virus
congenital deformities
Miscellaneous fetal viral infections
Fetal Parainfluenza 3 virus (PI-3), Bovine Herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4), Bovine parvovirus
Some bacteria
Arcanobacterium pyogenes (E.Coli, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Staph, Strepto) > yellow-brown exudation, suppurative placentitis
Brucellosis
B.abortus
chr placentitis, abortion of fetus dead in utero, placental retention, metritis (-> milk)
Listeriosis
L.monocytogenes + L.ivanovii
white-yellow foci in liver
Salmonellosis
S.enterica dublin
proliferate in placentome > destruction of fetal villi > abortion without fetus invasion
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
aborted fetus not autolyzed, placentitis
Leptospirosis
L.borgpetersenii hardjo + L.interrogans pomona
wet envt, urine > abortion (-> urine PCR)
Ureaplasma diversum
upper resp tract + lower repro tract > amnion + fetal lungs signs (swollen, firm)
Campylobacter
C.fetus
venereal > fibrinous exudation (-> Silver stains)
Coxiella burnetii
histo changes in placenta, fibrinosuppurative exudation, fetal bronchopneumonia
Parasites
Tritrichomonas foetus
.> pyometra / bronchopneumonia with neutrophil + macrophage exudation (-> darkfield microsc, histo, IHC)
Neospora caninum
chr > asymptomatic (rarely paralysis or encephalomyelitis) (-> brain histo, IHC)
Sarcocystosis
DH = dog > as N.caninum (-> brain)
Abortifacient plants
Pine trees
.> late-term abortion + placental retention
Locoweed
swainsonine > abortion, teratogenic
Hemlock
coniine > suppress fetal mvt
Tree tobacco
limb + spinal deformities
Anabasine
teratogenic
Lupine
limb + spinal deformities, cleft palate
Broomweed
chr > abortion, premature weak calves, retained placenta
Small ruminants
viral
Bluetongue virus
.> facial edema, heart failure, neural + ocular defects
Border disease
bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) + classical swine fever virus
.> neuro, hairy shakers (rhythmic contractions of hind limbs + head tremors)
Caprine herpesvirus type 1
.> general systemic, necrotic enteritis (-> herpetic eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions)
Cache Valley virus
mosquito > musculoskeletal lesions (-> Ab testing of prescotal serum)
Rift Valley fever
mosquitoes > death in 24h (-> virus isol, PCR, ELISA)
Akabane virus
.> congenital malformations
Nairobi sheep disease virus
brown tick > hemorrhagic mucopurulent nasal discharge
Wasselsbron disease virus
.> brachygnathia + arthrogryposis / icterus
Bacterial
Brucella
sheep: B. ovis / sheep + goat: B.melitensis
semen, milk, uterine discharge > mastitis, hooves: calcified plaques
Campylobacter
.> asymptomatic, immunity / liver: necrotic foci yellow-brown
Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) abortus
.> placentitis, abundant ascites
Flexispira rappini
.> as Campylobacter (fibrinous peritonitis +pleurisy with fibrin adhered to liver)
Coxiella burnetii
milk (-> placenta), in young + naive
Francisella tularensis
ticks > white foci in lungs, liver, spleen
Leptospirosis
.> subclinical (rare: agalactia, renal)
Listeria spp. (L.monocytogenes + L.ivanovii)
bad silage > autolyzed, hemorrhages
Salmonella
.> placenta swollen, pale/hemorrhagic cotyledons
Protozoal
Sarcocystis
.> asymptomatic / hydrocephalus
N. caninum
.> asymptomatic / CNS
Toxoplasma gondii
main, transplacental > cotyledons w necrotic foci
Plants
Annul ryegrass
+Parasitic nematode Anguina spp. larva + Bacteria Clavibacter rathayi / corynetoxin > neuro, lung edema
Gutierrezia microcephala + G. sarothrae (weed)
.> GI, hemoglobinuria
Lathyrus spp. (pea)
.> asymptomatic, deformities
Locoweed
.> skeletal deformities
Subterranean clover
primary isoflavone estrogens > cystic glandular hyperplasia of cervical + uterine mucosa > changes of mucus prod: impair sperm transport + embryonal implantation
Veratrum californicum (cabbage, false hellebore or wild corn)
cyclopamine > teratogenic, deformities
Mineral deficiencies
Copper
.> difficulty becoming pregnant,depigmented + uncrimped wool
Iodine
.> enlarged thyroid gland, alopecia
Selenium
.> poor lambing / as white muscle disease
Horses
gestation duration: 320-370d, allantochorion: “F arrangement”
Viral
Equine viral arteritis
.> resp
Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1, less EHV-4)
.> sudden abortion without outward sign / fetus: fresh well-reserved, fibrin plugs within airways
Bacterial + Fungal
Ascending placentitis
E.Coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococci, Enterobacter, Klebsiella / Aspergillus spp. + mucoraceous fungi
lower repro tract > sudden abortion, premature mammary gland enlargement, vaginal discharge / irregular thickening + brown allantochorion near cervical star (-> US)
Hematogenous / Diffuse placentitis
Leptospira, Salmonella, rare Histoplasma + Encephalitozoon
uterus until chorion (systemic) > diffuse or patchy chorion
Leptospirosis
L.interrogan, L.kirschneri
.> placentitis w necrosis, icterus
Atypical / Nocardioform placentitis
Crossiella equi, Amycolatopsis spp.
exudate: brownish-green, thick
Fescue toxicosis
ergovaline from Neotyphodium coenophialum
vasoconstriction, inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, decrease prolactin secretion + tissue binding of estradiol
Others
Premature placental separation “Red bag delivery"
endophyte-infected fescue grass > detachment of chorion
Twinning
dizygotic twins > abortion w loss of both fetuses
Umbilical cord torsion
4.4 twist by fetal mvts > congestion on either side
Placental infarction
cervical star area > pale, thin transparent, necrosis
Mare loss syndrome
Eastern Tent Caterpillars ETC (Malacosoma americanum) > fetal death
Pigs
Viral
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)
main > 1-2 dark autolyzed fetuses with edema
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV 2)
.> males: lymphoid depletion, fetus: heart failure
Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)
.> fetal mummification, immunocompetent
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) = Aujeszky’s disease
.> neuro signs (death in 2d) / CNS lesions
Swine influenza (SIV)
.> general (fever, cough) + repro
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
corona, highly contagious, no transplacental > diarrhea, fever, abortion
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)
.> myocarditis, white foci in heart
Enterovirus + Teschovirus
.> asymptomatic sow / lesions in brain, liver and epithelium of airways
Pestivirus
.> death, malformations, neuromuscular
Porcine reproduction and neurological syndrome (PRNS) = Virus X
.> neuro
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
mosquito > CNS lesions (only) (-> ELISA, virus neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition)
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV)
w “inclusion body rhinitis” > intranuclear inclusion bodies in endothelial cells
Paramyxovirus - Porcine Rubulavirus = “Blue eye disease”
.> corneal opacity, neuro (encephalomyelitis), pneumonia
Menangle virus
.> severe congenital deformities
Bacterial
Leptospirosis
kidneys, urine > jaundice, patchy liver necrosis, fluid in cavities, petechiae
Brucella suis
venereal or ingestion > lameness, posterial paralysis, edema
Chlamydia + Chlamydophila
semen > MMA syndrome (mastitis, metritis, agalactia)
metritis > ascension > bacteremia
Carbon monoxide (CO)
.> weak suckling reflex, unresponsive to ext stimuli / bright “cherry-like” discoloration of tissues (-> carboxyHb analysis)
Small animals
Viral
Dogs
Canine herpesvirus (CHV)
at whelping or oronasal secretions > “turkey-eggs” kidney, focal necrosis
Minute virus of canines (MVC) = Canine parvovirus type 1
transplacental > necrotizing enteritis
Canine Distemper virus (CDV)
Cats
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV)
.> respi
Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) = Retrovirus
saliva or transplacental > late abortion or neonatal death
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
horizontal (saliva from bites, milk and semen) + transplacental > abortion, low litter size
Feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV)
.> abortion, stillbirth
Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
.> respi, ulcerative stomatitis
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) = Feline parvovirus
.> abortion or cerebellar abiotrophy
Bacterial
Dogs
Brucellosis
venereal, oral, urine, milk, semen > lymphadenitis > infertility
E.Coli + Staphylococcus aureus
E.Coli: normal flora of vagina, Staphy: opportunistic
β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp.
normal flora of vagina > uterus > endometritis + spread to placenta
Mycoplasma canis
normal flora of urogenital tract
Leptospirosis
.> systemic
Cats
Salmonella typhimurium, E.Coli, β-hemolytic Streptococcus spps., Bartonella henselae
.> abortion
Protozoa
Dogs
Toxoplasma gondii + Neospora caninum
vertical > Neosporosis: encephalomyelitis + polymyositis in neonatal pups in utero
Cats
Toxoplasma gondii
.> neuro
Cytauxozoonosis
ticks (bobcats reservoir) > death
Others
Diabetes mellitus in dogs
progesterone during pregnancy > insulin resistance + stimulate GH > glycosuria, hypeglycemia
Pregnancy toxemia in dogs
.> depression, hepatic lipidosis, hypoglycemia
Eclampsia in cats
hypocalcemia > trembling
Trauma
Torsion of uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
extra-uterine dvp of fetu in abd cavity, by rupture of uterine horns/uterus > incomplete + insufficient placentation > death
Drugs
NSAIDs (Aspirin): delayed delivery
Antifungal in cats: teratogenic
Antineoplastic agents: teratogenic
Glucocorticoids, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol: abortion
Hormones deficiencies: hypoluteoidism
insufficient production + secretion of progesterone by CL > placental insufficiency > abortion
Hypercalcemia
.> uterine inertia + atonia
Hypoglycemia
rare > repro
Nutrition
Taurine deficiency in cat: resorption or abortion
Bitch-induced neonatal death “Puppycide”
kill by crushing their skulls
Postmortem changes in fetus
Abortions recognition
fetus and/or abnormal vaginal discharge from dam
Maceration
fetus decomposes in utero
Mummification
no sign of fetal death, discharge or return to estrus > signs of late pregnancy / dehydration of fetal tissues + annex mbs (--> PGF2α for fetus expulsion > uterine lavage)