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Autism Spectrum Disorder - Coggle Diagram
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Definition
ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.
Prevalence
US Prevalence: Pravalence rates of around 1 in 54
children. CDC estimates 1.68% of US children aged 8 years have ASD, with parent-reported rates slightly higher at 2.5%.
Global Prevalence: WHO estimates global ASD prevalence at 0.76%, but this only covers about 16% of the world’s child population.
More common in males, preterm children, and those with Fragile X syndrome. with a true male-to-female ratio closer to 3:1.
Signs and Symptoms
Avoidance of eye contact, not responding to name, lack of facial expressions by 9 months.
Absence of interactive play by 12 months,
limited gestures, and lack of shared interests by 15-18 months.
No awareness of others’ emotions by 24 months, no group play by 36 months, no pretend play by 48 months, and no performance activities by 60 months.
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Diagnosis
Early diagnosis
Pro :
- Early diagnosis (ages 2-5) enables therapies that improve communication, social, and motor skills, potentially enhancing quality of life.
- more effective due to brain plasticity in early childhood.
Cons :
- Risks include overdiagnosis and overtreatment, with some children receiving unnecessary therapies.
- Early diagnosis can result in stigmatization, and parental anxiety,
Racial Disparities
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White and higher socioeconomic status (SES) children are diagnosed earlier than Black, Latinx, Asian, and low-income children.
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Discrimination, stigma, and uncertainty
Black parents and Latinx families report low ASD awareness, with latinx causes by limited English proficiency
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Causes
Neurobiological :
- Increased brain size, volume and weight, highly associated with ASD
- under- or over-connectivity in the brain
Genetics:
- Autism is highly heritable ; Siblings of ASD patients have a higher risk, and monozygotic twins show higher concordance.
- Genetic research has identified several chromosomal sites (notably 2q, 7q, and 15q) as potential contributors,
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Gender Dysphoria & ASD
SIMPULAN:
There is a significant relationship between ASD traits and GD feelings in the general population.
High prevalence of GD/GI in individuals with ASD.
higher ASD traits are associated with greater gender variance or GD feelings in non-autistic children and adults.
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Studies using medical records and chart reviews found that the prevalence of ASD diagnoses in GD/GI children and adolescents ranged from 3% to 21.3%.
In GD/GI adults, the prevalence ranged from 4.8% to 7.8%.
Pooled prevalence of ASD diagnoses in GD/GI people: 11% (statistically significant, p < .001).