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POPLHLTH 210, Multigenerational approach to intergenerationsl inequality,…

- - - - Daniels - accountability for reasonableness, better procedure = better decision
        Dolan et.al (2009) - procedures in decision making include: accuracy, consistency, voice, neutrality, reversibility and transparancy (argued order)
        Policy requires justification, look to how deicisons making has occured, does it meet the criteria for procedural justice?
- - - - Feudal land systems, owning and working on land
        Development of Left (poor) and Right (right) position by speaker of house
        Use the poor to maintain stability,
        Capital = 1:1 relationship with power
        Social change takes place due to production of materials and relations between people
        
        Materialism
        
        Materials shape society
        
        Class Struggle
        
        Conflict between ruling and oppressed populations
        P v B
        
        Exploitation
        
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  - - - Life chances, social status, and social mobility are important, life chances determined by occupation
        Individual factors have less impact than group factors
        
        Health status and outcomes are often patterned on a social gradient. Can improve own position
  - - - Economic Capital
        
        What you have (Marx)
        
        Cash and assests affording the things you want
        
        Social Capital
        
        Who you know (Weber)
        
        Level of recognition/prestige held
        
        Nepotism, networking, symbolic capital, opportunity through people
        
        Cultural Capital
        
        What you know (Weber)
        
        Objectified (books),
        
        Institutionalised (qualifications),
        
        Embodied (sports, good = more capital & position)
        
        Habitus
        
        Class is embodied through language, choices, consumption, activities etc.
        
        An implicit mechanism of allocation.
        
        How you present yourself
        
        Disposition
        
        Ways of being
        Learned through lifecourse
        The more inequality in society, more differences betwen dispositions leads to victim blaming
  - - - Income inequality + capital inequality
        wealth = assets, income, land, capital etc
        wealth inequality = income inequaltiy
        
        Gini-coefficient
        
        Equal society = straight line, difference in inome + perfect line = inequality
        In NZ, 10% have 45% of wealth, 1% has 10% of wealth
        
        Liberalism
        
        A political and social philosophy promoting individual rights and civil liberties, democracy and free enterprise
        
        Economic liberalism
        
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- - - - Individual Level
        
        Interpersonal: exposure to 'isms',
        
        Internalised: internalisation of 'isms'
        
        how people are exposed to 'isms' and how they are carried in themselves
        
        Structural Level
        
        Explicit: rules and laws like disenfranchisment
        
        Non-explicit: rules and laws like wages
        
        Rules/laws that impact certain groups non-explicit are generally neutral, but do affect the marginalised
  - - - Social constructed division of people base don certain phenotypic characters
        
        Ethnicity
        
        Social aspect of race, not genetic, yet passed through commonalities, characteristics are oversimplified into categories
        
        Idigeneity
        
        People who claim decendecy as first peoples to the nation, often marginalised when trying to reach historical continuity
- - - - Intersection of biology, biograhy and geography
        Health influenced by lived experiences manifesting bio and health outcomes
        
        Life course
        Marx and Bourdieu
        
        Accumulation of effects over whole life e.g poverty, conditions of living (Marx) and ways of living (Bourdieu). generation to generation. Environmental influences on gene expression (epigenetics)
        
        Psychosocial
        
        Interplay of internal and social. Alienation, status, anxiety, hyper focus on social mobility = ⬇️ social mobility. Risk and protective factors
  - - - Limitations
        
        Values and biases of society shown through science e.g egg and sperm
        
        Science reinforces normativity, what is normal to dominant groups. e.g male test rats
        
        Corporisation of science, for profit, non-profit topics are ignored. without power (money) there is no knowledge (no reasearch)
        
        Gatekeeping, researchers from privileged groups and reference list limited to 30, most credible get cited, knowledge remains the same, no paradigm shift
        
        Knowledge is shaped by colonising west, moving away from indigenous knowledge due to influential powers
        
        Paradigms and tied-ness to social values
      - Solutions to limitations:
        Alternative science, positionality, challenged normativity and bias in science, interrogate evidence and facts, democracy for public good
- - - - Pathologisation
        
        The act of unfairly/wrongly considering something/someone as a problem, especially a medical problem
        
        Gender Dsyphoria
        
        Discomfort in the percieved gender - socially assigned identity
        
        Heteronormativity
        
        widespread belief that hetero is the only sexuality
        
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- - - - Compares the relative merits of policies/actions incorporates social realities to determine the most just opinion
- - - - Strengthen community by building social cohesion and mutual support
        Whitehead Underlying causes relate to greater powerlessness. Exclusive isolation, most health damaging behaviour = exclusion from society denying dignity and self-worth
        Focus on community development and outreach programmes
        Partially effective, dependent on the goal and target commmunity being served
- - - - Capitalism travelled with colonisation, P and B evolved from colonial times
        e.g - UK stolen jewels, taking capital from other nations to prosper
        Capitalism goes to great lengths to exploit countries for own profit (prison labour)
        
        Capitalism is Patriarchal
        
        The system is built around patriarchy, Pay gaps, objectifications, 'girl bosses' = independence not a collective. Women paid less as they are more docile - wont ask for a raise
        
        Multiple jeopardy
        Kimberle Crenshaw
        
        Overlapping categories of discrimination e.g women of colour
        living dual issue lives
        
        Oppression Olympics
        
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- - - - Explicit
        Gender based access to care, e.g abortion clinics some states and countries, expicitly denied care
        
        Non-explicit
        Rational laws for everyone but affects women disproportionately, not taking into account specific needs
- - - - Places value on resource allocation and measurements for interventions/policies
        
        BUT data is power, inequalities in who controls who accessess who is represented and how they are represented in data
  - - - Cons
        
        Not as objective as would like to be
        
        cannot explain how and why inequalities exist
        
        Inequalities throughout the whole process
        
        generalisation of the measured group
- - - - Multidimensional frameworks describe inequality with more depth, considering social cohesion e.g Human development index quality of life is based on a 2nd world measure
        Living standards framework
        reduces the scope, but focuses on details, the experiences of groups of people in the social world
- - - - Structural
        
        determinant of determinants, most significant sphere of influence. State and cultural institutions
        Principle by which society is managed
        
        Ideal pathway
        
        Power ➡️ knowledge ➡️discourse ➡️identity ➡️ behaviour ➡️ health