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Andrew Bondarenko, Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Neutron
        
        Atomic Mass
        
        Number of N diff
        
        Isotope
      - Electron
        
        Extra or less electron
        
        Ion
      - Proton
        
        Atomic number
        
        Specific #
        
        Element
        
        2+ Different Elements
        
        Compound
        
        Emergent Properties
        
        Chemical Bonds
        
        2 more items...
        
        Isomers
        
        1 more item...
        
        2+ Elements
        
        Molecule
        
        Life Elements
        
        CHONPCa
        
        Trace Elements
        
        To be healthy
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Acid
    - - Base
    - - Neutral
    - - Too much CO2
        
        Ocean acidification
- - - - Ecosystem
        
        Community
        
        Population
        
        Organism
        
        Organ System
        
        Organ
        
        1 more item...
        
        Domains of Life
        
        Bacteria
        
        Archea
        
        Eukarya
  - - - Observation
        
        Hypothesis
        
        Predicition
        
        Experiments
        
        Analysis
        
        Communicate results
        
        Controlled Experiments
        
        Independent vs Dependent Variables
        
        Controlled groups
    - - 7 Properties of life
        
        Order
        
        Reproduction
        
        Growth/Development
        
        Energy Processing
        
        Regulation
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Natural selection
        
        Genes
        
        Human made
        
        Artificial Selection
    - - DNA
- - - - Fluid phospholipid bilayer
      - Mosaic of Proteins
        
        Channel Transport Protein
        
        Glycoprotein
        
        Receptor Protein
        
        Junction Protein
        
        Attachment Protein
        
        Active Transport protein
    - - High to Low
        
        Passive Transport
        
        Facilitated Diffusion
      - Osmosis
        
        Tonicity
        
        Hypotonic
        
        Turgid
        
        Isotonic
        
        Flaccid
        
        Hypertonic
        
        shriveled
    - - Spend Energy
        
        Low to High
        
        Transport proteins
        
        Pump
        
        Bulk Transport
        
        Vesicle
        
        Into cell
        
        Endocytosis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Exit Cell
        
        Exocytosis
  - - - Thermal energy
    - - Chemical Energy
    - - 1st Law
        
        Cant be created or Destroyed
      - 2nd Law
        
        Energy to be lost as heat
    - - Endergonic
        
        energy to build
        
        dehydration
      - Exergonic
        
        Release Energy
        
        hydrolysis
        
        Exergonic Process
      - Metabolism
        
        Specific Path
        
        Metabolic Pathway
        
        Catabolic
        
        Energy Coupling
        
        Anabolic
    - - Phosporylation
  - - - Decrease Activation Energy
      - not used up
      - Protein
    - - Substrate
        
        Induced Fit
    - - pH
      - Temperature
      - Cofactors
        
        Coenzymes
    - - Competitive
        
        Block Active site
      - Noncompetitive
        
        change Active site shape
    - - regulate
    - - Enzymes
- - - - Mesophyll
      - Chloroplast
        
        Thylakoid
        
        Granum
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        Stroma
      - Stomata
    - - Light Reaction
        
        Calvin Cycle
        
        Carbon Fixation
        
        Reduction
        
        Release G3P
        
        Regeneration of RuBP
        
        In
        
        Rubisco
        
        CO2
        
        Out
        
        G3P
        
        X2
        
        Glucose
        
        In
        
        H2O
        
        Out
        
        O2
        
        NADPH
        
        ATP
  - - - O2
- - - - G1
        
        DNA Synthesis
        
        G2
        
        Mitotic Phase
        
        Cell Division
        
        Asexual
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sexual
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cancer
        
        4 more items...
        
        M Checkpoint
        
        G2 Checkpoint
        
        G0 Checkpoint
  - - - Structure Changes
        
        Duplication
        
        Inversion
        
        Deletion
        
        Translocation
- - - - living things made of cells
      - cells made from other cells
    - - Light microscope
        
        look at living cells
      - Electron Microscope
        
        Scanning EM
        
        Surface
        
        Transmission EM
        
        Through
        
        specimen dead
    - - Cell Wall
      - Flagella
      - Nucleoid
    - - Organelles
        
        Nucleus
        
        Nucleolus
        
        Chromatin/Chromosome
        
        Nuclear Envelope
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Organelles
        
        Cytosol
        
        Cytoskeleton
        
        Intermediate Filament
        
        Microtuble
        
        Motor Protien
        
        Takes Transport Vesicle
      - Endomembrane system
        
        DNA
        
        RNA Copy
        
        Bound ribosome
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Vesicle
        
        2 more items...
        
        Rough ER
        
        1 more item...
        
        Smooth ER
        
        2 more items...
      - Energy Organelles
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Cellular Respiration
        
        O2
        
        CO2
        
        Produces ATP
        
        Endosymbiont Theory
        
        Own DNA and Ribosomes
        
        Divide its own
        
        inner and outer membranes
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Thylakoid
      - Structure
        
        Plant Specific
        
        Cell Wall
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Central Vacuole
        
        Plasmodesma
        
        Animal Specific
        
        Centrosome
        
        Cilium
        
        Lysosome
        
        Extracellular Matrix
        
        Gap
        
        Tight
        
        Anchoring
- - - - Carbon
        
        Length
        
        Branching
        
        Diff Structure Function
        
        Double Bonds
        
        Rings
    - - Hydroxyl
        
        Polar
        
        Hydrophylic
      - Carbonyl
      - Carboxyl
      - Amino
      - Phosphate
      - Methyl
        
        Nonpolar
        
        Hydrophobic
    - - Carbohydrates
        
        Monomer
        
        Monosaccharide
        
        Amino Acids
        
        Polymer
        
        Polypeptides
        
        Polynucleotide
        
        Back bone for
        
        2 more items...
        
        Polysaccharide
        
        Hydrolysis
        
        Peptide Bonds
        
        Primary structure
        
        hydrogen bonds form shape
        
        1 more item...
        
        amino acid sequence
        
        Nucleotide
        
        Dehydration Reaction
      - Lipids
        
        No Monomer or Polymer
        
        Fat
        
        Steroids
        
        Cholesterol
      - Protein
        
        Denaturation
        
        mess shape up
        
        no function
      - Nucleic Acids
- - - - makes
        
        ATP
      - Fuel Molecules Electron
        
        Reduction
        
        Gain
        
        Of electron
        
        Oxidation
        
        Loss
        
        Electron to
        
        NAD+
        
        into NADH
        
        Electron Carrier
        
        1 more item...
        
        FAD
        
        into FADH2
      - Stages
        
        1: Glycolysis
        
        2:Pyruvate Oxidation
        
        3: Citric Acid Cycle
        
        4:Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Inner Mitochondria membrane
        
        2 more items...
        
        In Mitochondrial Matrix
        
        In
        
        1 more item...
        
        Out
        
        4 more items...
        
        In Mitochondrial Matrix
        
        In
        
        2 Pyruvate
        
        Out
        
        Acetyl CoA
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 CO2
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 NADH
        
        In Cytosol
        
        No O2
        
        Fermentation
        
        Lactic Acid Fermentation
        
        Alcohol Fermentation
- - - - Operons
        
        prokaryotes
        
        Promoter
        
        Start transcription
        
        regulatory protiens
        
        Operator
        
        active repressor
        
        Repressible Operon
        
        Inducible Operon
      - Activators
        
        Eukaryotes
        
        Transcription factors
      - Alternative RNA Splicing
      - Breakdown mRNA
        
        miRNA's
        
        siRNA's
      - Regulatory Proteins
      - Protein Processing
    - - Packed up DNA
        
        no gene expression
      - X Chromosome
        
        inactivation
        
        Barr Body
        
        packed tighter
      - Epigenetics
    - - Homeotic Gene
        
        Visualize through
        
        Nucleic Acid Hybridization
        
        DNA Microarray
      - Cell Signaling
        
        Prokaryotes version
        
        quorum sensing
    - - Cloning Plant
        
        Totipotent
        
        Regeneration
        
        Asexual
      - Cloning Animal
        
        Nuclear Transplantation
        
        use less differentiated cell
        
        Reproductive Cloning
        
        egg w/ nucleus
        
        into animal reproductive system
      - Therapeutic Cloning
        
        embryonic stem cells
        
        totipotent
        
        Adult stem cells
        
        no longer totipotent
        
        bone marrow
    - - Oncogene
        
        make protien
        
        "cell divide"
        
        when on
      - Photo-oncogene
        
        normal
      - Tumor-suppressor gene
        
        make protien
        
        "don't divide"
        
        when off
        
        mistake in division
        
        cancer
- - - - Bacterial plasmids
        
        w/ recombinant DNA
        
        vector
    - - GMO
        
        one or more genes
        
        altered
        
        artifical methods
      - Restriction Enzymes
        
        cut DNA
        
        specific sequence
        
        Restriction Site
        
        another DNA fragment added
        
        DNA ligase
        
        "glue"
      - Nucleic Acid Probes
        
        active gene
      - cDNA
        
        RNA
        
        Reverse Transcriptase
        
        DNA
      - CRISPR-Cas 9
        
        enzyme
        
        Target sequence
        
        using RNA
        
        "guide RNA"
        
        Delete Gene
        
        Insert Gene
      - Transgenic
        
        Gene from other Organism
      - DNA Profiling
        
        PCR
        
        Polymerase Chain Reaction
        
        Gel electrophoresis
        
        STR's
        
        repetitive DNA
      - DNA Sequencing
        
        Next gen
        
        Computers
        
        Third gen
        
        one cell
      - Genomics
        
        genome
        
        HPP
        
        HGP
        
        Whole-genome shotgun sequence
        
        restriction enzymes
    - - Selective Breeding
      - Mutagens
      - Interspecies Crossing
      - Transgenisis
        
        GMO
      - CRISPR
    - - computer
        
        to human analysis
- - - - Gregory Mendel
        
        Mendels Laws
        
        Law of Segregation
        
        Law of Independent Assortment
        
        Hypotheses
        
        Alleles
        
        One from each parent
        
        Dominant and Recessive
      - Genes
        
        Genotype
        
        Homozygous
        
        Alleles
        
        Dominant
        
        Recessive
        
        Heterozygous
        
        Chromosome
        
        Loci
        
        Genetic Maps
        
        Linkage Maps
        
        Autosome
        
        Phenotype (Physical)
      - Genetic Cross
        
        True breeding
        
        Punnet Square
        
        Dihybrid cross
        
        Monohybrid cross
      - Pedigrees
        
        Genetic Testing
        
        Ultrasound
        
        Blood Test
      - Complete Dominance
        
        Incomplete Dominance
        
        Co-Dominance
        
        ABO blood types
        
        Pleiotropy
        
        Polygenic inheritance
- - - - Nucleic Acid
        
        Thymine
        
        Guanine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Monomers
        
        Nucleotides
        
        Adenine
        
        Polymers
        
        Polynucleotides
      - Two Types
        
        DNA
        
        DNA Replication
        
        DNA Polymerase
        
        SSB's
        
        Helicase
        
        into 2 parts
        
        5' to 3'
        
        1 more item...
        
        3' to 5'
        
        1 more item...
        
        Topoisomerase
        
        Primase
        
        RNA or Primer
        
        Mutations
        
        Mutagens
        
        Chemicals
        
        1 more item...
        
        Infectious Agents
        
        1 more item...
        
        Radiation
        
        insertion
        
        Substitution
        
        Point Mutations
        
        3 more items...
        
        Deletion
        
        Frameshift Mutation
        
        Double Helix
        
        Transcription
        
        mRNA
        
        Translation
        
        Nucleic Acids to
        
        1 more item...
        
        In Cytoplasm
        
        1 more item...
        
        Initiaion
        
        1 more item...
        
        Codons
        
        Stop
        
        Start
        
        RNA splicing
        
        Cut Introns
        
        Keep exons
        
        RNA Polymerase
        
        Promoter
        
        Initiation
        
        1 more item...
        
        ATCG
        
        RNA
        
        AUCG
    - - Griffith
      - Hersey + Chase
    - - Nucleic Acids
      - Capsid
      - Lytic Cycle
        
        Phage DNA into cell
        
        DNA synthesis
        
        more phage
      - Lysogenic Cycle
        
        prophage
        
        stay in cell
        
        cell divide
        
        with phage DNA
        
        cell stress
        
        phage go into lytic cycle
      - RNA Virus
        
        multiplicate RNA
        
        leave cell
        
        with cell membrane
      - Retrovirus
        
        Reverse Transcriptase
        
        RNA back to DNA
        
        HIV
        
        AIDS
    - - Move Gene cell to cell
        
        Conjugation
        
        Transformation
        
        Transduction
      - F Factor
        
        on plasmid
        
        or chromosome
      - R plasmid