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Chemistry Culminating, By: Nebiy Daniel - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry Culminating
Acids/Bases Equilibrium
Theories
Arrhenius
Acids
- release H in water
Bases
- release OH in water
Lowry-Bronsted
Acids
- donate H
Bases
- receive H
Calculations
Tricks
[reactant] / K > 100, ignore x
Kw = Ka * Kb = 1.4x10^-14
Ice Tables
I - init. conc. C - change E - equil.
pH & pOH
pH = -log[H] [H] = 10^-pH
pOH = -log[OH] [OH] = 10^-pOH
Titration
the continual adding of a base to a solution of acid until neutralized
Weak acid strong base - acid will fully react with base when mols are =, same as strong acid + base, but the conj. base will hydrolyze with H2O and produce OH, making solution basic
Equili-brium
K = [C][D] / [A][B]
Forw. & Rev. Rx have equal Rate
Le Chatelier's Prn
What Shifts It?
Temperature
Volume
Pressure
Structure & Properties of Matter
Theories
Dalton
- Diff. elmnt, diff size, mass, etc.
Bohr
- elec orbit at specific energy lvls 1-6, subshells spdf, each orbital within subshell -3 to +3, each orbital has 2 elec
Rutherford
- elmnt have nucleus with prot & nut, large space in atom, (gold foil), can't exp. why elec don't fall to nucleus
JJ.Thomson
- elmnt have elec. & prot., (cathode ray tube), (blueberry muffin model)
Pauli Exlusion Prncpl
- no two elec can have same quanum #'s (n,l,ml,ms)
Elec. Config.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p ...
s - 1 orb p - 3 orb d - 5 orb f - 7 orb
Lewis Dot & VSPR
Add total valence elec.
Singular atom in centre
Place elec in bonds, then surroundings, extra go on centre atom
Make FC for each atom zero
3P - linear, bent
4P - tetrahedral, trigonal pyramid, bent
5P - trigonal bipyramid, seesaw, T-shaped
6P - octahedral, square pyramid, square planar
IMF
ENΔ:
0-0.4 = non-polar cov., 0.4-1.7 = polar cov., 1.7< = ionic
Intramol
. - bond within molecule
Intermol
. - bond btwn molecules
Ionic > Hydrogen Bonding > Dipole-Dipole > LDF
Organic Chemistry
IMF of Func. Grp.
Carb Acid > Alcohol > Amide > Amine > Aldehyde, Ketone, Haloalkane > Rest
Alkane > Alkene > Alkyne
Larger chain, larger LDF
Func. Grp. Rxns
Add/Elim
Hydrogenation (H)
: ene/yne > ane, =O > alcohol
Hydration (H2O)
: ene/yne > alcohol
Hydrohalogenation (HX):
ene/yne > haloalkane
Substitution
Halogenation (X2):
ane/benzene > haloalkane/benzene
Oxidation
Alcohol + O > Aldehyde/Ketone + H20
Aldehyde + O > Carb. Acid
Condensation
2x Alcohol > Ether + H2O
Alcohol + Carb. Acid > Ester + H2O
Amine + Carb. Acid > Amide + H2O
Naming
Basics
#of Carbon
: 1-meth, 2-eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct, 9-non, 10-dec
Use "yl" as suffix if substit
#of C-C:
1-ane, 2-ene, 3-yne
Functional Groups
Haloalkane
- halogen substit.,
prefix "chloro"
Alcohol
- OH substit.
Aromatic
- benzene, phenyl if substit
Aldehyde
- O substit. on base C of chain,
suffix "al"
Ketone
- O substit. on middle C of chain,
suffix "anone"
Ether
- O in btwn C's,
suffix "oxy"
on the substit.
Amide
- N & O= on base C,
suffix "anamide"
Amine
- NH3 substit., N-methyl,
suffix "anamine"
Carboxylic Acid
- O & OH on base C,
suffix "anoic acid"
Ester
- O btwn & O= on C,
suffix "anoate"
cis
= same side,
trans
= opposite side
By: Nebiy Daniel