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DYSARTRHIA TYPES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "Abnormal muscle tightness"
        slow and effortful speech, harsh vocal quality
      - Localisation:
        Bilateral UMN (CNS)
      - Etiologies: bilateral strokes and tumors,
        degenerative disorders (primary lateral sclerosis)
    - - pitch breaks
      - strained or harsh vocal quality
      - slow but regular DDK rates
      - slow speech rate
    - - hypertonia
      - lability of affect (sudden, frequent mood swings)
      - hyperactive gag reflex
      - pathological oral reflexes (sucking, jaw jerk, snout, pout)
  - - - rapid muscle weakening (rest needed)
      - nasal backflow while swallowing)
      - facial myokomia (involuntary facial twitching)
      - hypoactive gag reflex
      - weakness, flaccidity, atrophy, fasciculations
      - synkinesis (involuntary facial contractions)
    - - Hypernasality and nasal emission
      - continuous breathiness
      - diplophonia
      - Stridor = audible inspiration
      - deterioration of speech quality (rest needed)
      - Imprecise alternating motion rates
      - Speaking on inspiration
    - - Localisation:
        lower motor neuron (PNS)
      - Etiologies: ALS, spinal muscle atrophies,
        progressive bulbar palsy
      - "Lacking force, weak"
        breathy and nasal speech
- - - - distorted vowels
      - irregular DDK rates
      - irregular articulatory breakdowns
      - excessive loudness variation
      - excess and equal stress
      - telescoping (shortening, omitting) or slurring of syllables
    - - Dysmetria
      - Head tremor
    - - Localisation:
        cerebellar control circuit
      - Etiologies: degenerative ataxia, later stages MS,
        postoperative/traumatic brain injury,
        cerebellar or brain stem stroke
      - "Poor muscle control"
        incoordination!
  - - - sudden and forced inspiration/expiration
      - transcient breathiness
      - prolonged intervals
      - intermittend hypernasality
      - transcient vocal strain or harsheness
      - voice stoppages/arrests
      - voice tremor
      - distored vowels and myoclonic vowel prolongation
      - marked deterioration with increased speech rate
      - inappropriate vocal nosies
      - intermittent breathy or aphonic segments
      - excessive loudness variation
      - slow and irregular DDK rates
    - - multiple motor tics
      - sudden, involuntary jerking of articulatory
        and phonatory muscles
      - relatively sustained deviation of head position
      - tremors of the jaw, lip tongue, pharynx, palate, etc.
      - Facial grimacing during speech
      - involuntary movements
    - - Localisation:
        basal ganglia control circuit
      - Etiologies: Huntington's, Tourette's, Tardive Dyskenesia
      - "Increased levels of movement"
        involuntary movements (dystonia, chorea, tremor)
  - - - monopitch
      - monoloudness / silent speech
      - diminished prosody
      - imprecise articulation of vowels and consonants
      - slurred speech
      - breathy, harsh voice