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Cells(Kaelen) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Contains hereditary materials called chromosomes which are made up of DNA.
        
        The information that DNA contains is passed from one generation to the next.
    - - It is the ‘control centre’ as it controls all the activities in a cell such as growth and repair
  - - - Forms a boundary between cytoplasm and the outside of the cell.
        
        A semi-(or partially or selectively) permeable membrane which allows certain substances to pass through only.
    - - Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
  - - - In animal cells, vacuoles store dissolved nutrients and mineral salts.
        
        In plant cells, it is filled with cell sap which stores nutrients and mineral salts. It also provides turgidity to the cell by pushing the cytoplasm outward against the cell wall.
    - - Membrane bound bubbles Animal cells have small and numerous vacuoles.
        
        Plant cells have one large central vacuole.
  - - - Gel-like fluid in which many organelles and dissolved chemicals are found
        
        Made up of water mainly
    - - It is where most chemical reactions take place
  - - - Structure:
        
        Fully permeable
        
        Contains cellulose
      - Function:
        
        Gives plant cells a regular shape
        
        Protects plant cells from injury
    - - Structure:
        
        Surrounded by double membrane
      - Function:
        
        Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis
- - - - What are they?
        
        E.g. Amoeba, Protozoa
        
        Organisms that consists of only one cell
    - - What are they?
        
        E.g. Animals, plants
        
        Important note: Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a fixed shape because they do not have the rigid cellulose cell wall to keep them in a specific shape.
        
        Organisms that consist of more than one cell
  - - - They are groups of complex substances inside a cell which carry out specific functions within the cell.
        
        Basically they are the parts of a cell; nucleus, cell membrane...
  - - - The protoplasm is the living contents of a cell.
      - It is also surrounded by a cell membrane
- - - - Modifications:
        
        Contains haemoglobin that helps the transport of oxygen more efficiently
        
        No nucleus in order to contain more haemoglobin
        
        Biconcave shape to increase surface area for faster diffusion of oxygen
    - - Modifications:
        
        Has fibres which involve in muscle contraction
    - - Modifications:
        
        Has a long fibre to transmit electrical signals from one part of the body to another quickly
  - - - Modifications:
        
        Has an elongated structure to increase the surface area so that absorption of water and mineral salts can take place quickly
    - - Modifications:
        
        Contains numerous chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis more efficiently
    - - Modifications:
        
        Made up of thick and lignified wall to prevent the collapse of the vessel
        
        Hollow lumen to allow passage of water and mineral salts easily without obstruction
- - - - Division of labour refers to each type of cell that specialises in performing one particular function
    - - Cells
        
        What?
        
        Basic units of life
        
        E.g.
        
        Muscle cell in animals,
        
        Root cell in plants
      - Tissues
        
        What?
        
        A group of similar or different cells working together to perform a similar function
        
        E.g.
        
        Nerve tissue such as nerve cells in animals
        
        Vascular tissue such as xylem, phloem in plants
      - Organs
        
        What?
        
        A group of tissues working together for a particular function
        
        E.g.
        
        Heart in animals
        
        Leaves in plants
      - Organ systems
        
        What?
        
        A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
        
        E.g.
        
        The digestive system in animals
        
        The shoot system in plants
      - Organism
        
        What?
        
        A group of organ systems working together to support a whole living organism
        
        E.g.
        
        Humans (Animal)
        
        Flowering plant (Plant)